ܢܝܢܒ ܠܡܣܘ
”ܒܢܹܐ ܠܘܿܢ ܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ ܕܝܼܵܝ ܥܲܠܔ ܩܵܠܵܐ ܘܪܸܬܡܵܐ ܙܵܘܕܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܥܲܠܔ ܥܸܩܪܵܐ ܘܫܸܪܫܵܐ ܕܗܹܡܸܙܡܵܢ. ܘܡ̣ܢ ܬܵܡܵܐ ܒܹܐܬܵܝܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܕܐܝܼܬܠܲܢ ܐܸܕܝܘܿܡ ܬܠܵܬܵܐ ܗܘܼܓܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܪ̈ܘܼܫܡܵܝܹܐ ܙܵܘܕܵܐ ܒܵܨܘܿܪܵܐ ܦܪܝܼܫܹܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܚܕܵܕܹܐ.”
‐ ܪܵܒܝܼ ܙܲܝܥܵܐ ܒܹܝܬ‐ܙܲܝܥܵܐ1
ܡܥܲܠܬܵܐ
ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ ܣܵܦܪܵܝܵܐ ܕܝܵܘܡܵܢܵܐ ܐܵܘܟܹܝܬ ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ،2 ܗ݁ܘ ܐܝܼܬ ܡ݁ܢ ܕܩܵܪܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܣܘܵܕܵܝܵܐ ({ܐܘܿܕܘܿ, 1911})، ܣܘܼܪܝܵܝܵܐ ܣܘܵܕܵܝܵܐ ({ܡܘܼܫܹܐ, 1912؛ Maclean, 2003})، ܣܘܼܪܝܵܝܵܐ ܕܵܪܵܝܵܐ ({Stoddard, 2004})، ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ̣ ({Rhétoré, 1912})، ܐ݇ܣܘܼܪܝܵܝܵܐ ({ܒܹܝܬ‐ܙܲܝܥܵܐ,2007})، ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ ܣܘܵܕܵܝܵܐ ({ܣܝܼܡܘܿܢܘܿ, ܐܨܥܕ؛ ܣܝܼܡܘܿܢܘܿ ܘܒܸܢܝܵܡܹܝܢ, ܐܨܨܒ؛ ܣܝܼܡܘܿܢܘܿ, ܐܨܨܘ})؛ ܘܚܲܕܬ̣ܵܐܝܼܬ̣ ܟܲܠܕܵܝܵܐ ({Jammo and Younan, 2014})، ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ‐ܐܵܪܵܡܵܝܵܐ ({Solomon, 1995}) ܘܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ ܪܒ̣ܝܼܥܵܝܵܐ ({ܐܵܫܝܼܬ̣ܵܐ ܘܩܲܨܪܵܝܬܵܐ, 2000؛ ܠܵܡܲܣܘܼ, 2007})3، ܘܝܘܼܠܦܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ ܡܘܿܥܡܸܕ ܒܚܲܕ ܟܘܼܢܵܝܵܐ ܚܲܕܬ̣ܵܐ (ܟܘܼܢܵܝܵܐ ܝܘܼܠܦܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕܵܐܝܼܬ) ܐܵܘܟܹܝܬ ܐܵܪܵܡܵܝܵܐ ܓܲܪܒܝܵܝ ܡܲܕܢܚܵܝܵܐ ܚܲܕܬܵܐ (ܡܟܘܿܢܝܵܐ ܒܲܙܒܲܢ݇ܬܵܐ ܩܲܕܡܵܝܬܵܐ ܒܝܲܕ {Hoberman, 1988} ܚܙܲܝ ܐܵܘ ܚܙܝܼ ܠܐܝܼܩܵܪܹܗ ܕ.2):4 ܚܲܕ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܣܵܦܪܵܝܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܩܝܼܡܵܐ ܒܝܵܬܹܗ ܕܐܝܼܬ ܠܹܗ ܬܘܼܪܵܨ ܡܲܡܠܠܵܐ ܘܪܘܼܟܵܒ̣ ܡܲܡܠܠܵܐ5 ܦܪܝܼܫܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܠܲܝܗܝ ܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܐ݇ܚܝܵܢܹ̈ܗ. ܘܲܦܕܵܕܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܟܠܔ ܡ݁ܢ ܕܩܵܪܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܣܘܵܕܵܝܵܐ،6 ܡܸܛܠ ܕܚܲܕ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܣܵܦܪܵܝܵܐ ܓܡܝܼܪܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܒܫܲܘܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܣܵܦܪ̈ܵܝܹܐ ܐ݇ܚܪܹ̈ܢܹܐ ܕܲܒܪܝܼܬܵܐ، ܐܵܦ ܐܸܢ ܐܝܼܬ ܡ݁ܢ ܕܡܲܢܚܘܿܬܹܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܡ̣ܢ ܫܲܘܝܘܼܬܹܗ ܘܲܡܪܲܛܘܿܢܹܐ7 ܟܲܕ ܐ݇ܡܵܪܵܐ: ’ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܠܲܝܬ ܠܹܗ ܚܲܕ ܬܘܼܪܵܨ ܡܲܡܠܠܵܐ ܟܲܝܠܵܝܵܐ8 ܘܠܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܐܝܼܬ ܐܵܘܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܓܵܘܵܢܵܝܬܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܗܘܼܓܵܝܹܗ.’
ܟܝܵܢܵܝܬܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܕܚܲܕ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܣܵܦܪܵܝܵܐ ‐ ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ‐ ܕܗܵܘܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܩܸܛܪܹ̈ܐ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ (ܐܸܢ ܕܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ ܐܵܘ ܕܬܘܼܪܵܨ ܡܲܡܠܠܵܐ). ܘܐܵܗܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܩܸܛܪܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕ، ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܗܵܕܟ̣ܵܐ ܩܸܛܪܹ̈ܐ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܫܟܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܒܟܠ ܚܲܕ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܣܵܦܪܵܝܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܒܐܵܢܝܼ ܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܕܣܵܦܪܵܐܝܼܬ ܚܫܝܼܒ݂ܝܼ ܠܥܸܠܔ ܡ̣ܢ ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ (ܗܵܕܹܐ ܐܸܢ ܐܝܼܬ ܣܸܕܪܹ̈ܐ ܒܣܵܦܪܘܼܬ̣ ܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ؟!). ܐܵܦ ܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܡܫܵܘܬܦܹ̈ܐ،9 ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܐܸܢܓܠܝܼܫܵܝܵܐ، ܗܵܘܝܼ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܩܸܛܪܹ̈ܐ ܕܵܡܝܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܥܲܠܔ ܕܐܵܢܝܼ ܕܐܝܼܬ ܠܲܢ ܒܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܘܲܟܒܲܪ ܝܲܬܝܼܪ. ܫܒ̣ܘܿܩ ܫܵܩܠܸܚ ܠܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܐܸܢܓܠܝܼܫܵܝܵܐ، ܐܵܦ ܗ݁ܘ ܐܝܼܬ ܒܹܗ ܕܘܼܪ̈ܵܫܹܐ ܬܘܼܪܵܨ ܡܲܡܠܠܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܚܲܡܝܼܡܹ̈ܐ؛ ܠܵܐ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕ ܩܸܛܪܹ̈ܐ ܟܝܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܐܝܼܬ ܒܹܝܬ ܐܸܢܓܠܝܼܫܵܝܵܐ ܒܪܝܼܛܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܠܐܸܢܓܠܝܼܫܵܝܵܐ ܐܲܡܪܝܼܟܵܝܵܐ، ܐܲܝܟ̣:
ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܒܗ݁ܘ ܟܲܕ ܗ݁ܘ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܟܲܝܠܵܝܵܐ10 ܕܐܸܢܓܠܝܼܫܵܝܵܐ ܒܪܝܼܛܵܢܵܝܵܐ (ܗ݁ܘ ܕܲܝܕܝܼܥ ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܐܸܢܓܠܝܼܫܵܝܵܐ ܕܡܲܠܟܬܵܐ). ܡܲܬܠܵܐ، ܐܝܼܬ ܪܸܢܝܵܐ ܕܐܵܡܹܪ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܒܲܙܢܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ11 ܠܵܐ ܗܵܘܝܵܐ ܕܲܡܣܲܛܪܸܬ12 ܠܵܗ݁ ({Marsh, 2014}) ܗܵܢܵܘ ܕܹܝܢ: to go boldly ܘܠܵܐ to boldly go ܘܐܝܼܬ ܪܸܢܝܵܐ ܕܲܡܦܲܣܸܣ ܡܲܣܛܲܪܬܵܐ ܕܐܵܗܵܐ ܙܢܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ. ܘܗܵܟ̣ܵܐ ܐܝܼܬ ܡܲܬܠܹ̈ܐ ܣܲܓܝܼ̈ܐܹܐ ܥܲܠܔ ܕܘܼܪ̈ܵܫܹܐ ܐ݇ܚܪܹ̈ܢܹܐ ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܕܐܵܗܵܐ، ܘܗܵܕܹܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܓܹܒ ܬܘܼܪܵܨ ܡܡܲܠܠܵܐ. ܐܝܼܬ ܗܵܕܟ̣ܵܐ ܩܸܛܪܹ̈ܐ ܘܝܲܬܝܼܪ ܒܩܵܠܣܘܿܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ13 ܕܐܸܢܓܠܝܼܫܵܝܵܐ ܟܲܝܠܵܝܵܐ ܒܪܝܼܛܵܢܵܝܵܐ. ܡܲܬܠܵܐ، ܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ ܐܸܢܓܠܝܼܫܵܝܵܐ14 ܐܝܼܬ ܠܹܗ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕ ܚܲܡܸܫ ܐܵܬ̈ܘܵܬܵܐ ܙܵܘܥܵܝ̈ܵܬܵܐ،15 ܐܵܦ ܐܸܢ ܩܵܠܣܘܿܕܵܐܝܼܬ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܐܸܢܓܠܝܼܫܵܝܵܐ ܐܝܼܬ ܒܹܗ ܥܸܣܪܝܼܢ݇ ܙܵܘܥܹ̈ܐ.16 ܘܗܵܕܹܐ ܐܝܼܬ ܠܵܗ݁ ܩܸܛܪܹ̈ܐ ܕܝܵܬܵܗ݁ ܒܗ݁ܝ ܕܟܠ ܚܕܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܼܬܵܐ ܙܵܘܥܵܝܬܵܐ ܘܵܠܹܐ ܕܲܡܫܲܘܕܸܥܵܐ ܥܲܠܔ ܠܵܐ ܒܨܝܼܪ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܲܪܒܥܵܐ ܙܵܘܥܹ̈ܐ ({Ladefoged, 2001, p.28}).
ܐܸܢ ܗܵܕܹܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܐܲܝܟܲܢܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܒܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܐܸܢܓܠܝܼܫܵܝܵܐ ܕܝܼܠܹܗ ܚܲܕ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܬܹܐܒܹܝܠܵܝܵܐ ܘܲܡܫܵܘܬܦܵܐ، ܕܵܐܟ̣ܝܼ ܠܵܐ ܗܵܘܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܩܸܛܪܹ̈ܐ ܕܵܡܝܵܝܹ̈ܐ، ܐܸܢ ܠܵܐ ܝܲܬܝܼܪ ܒܗ݁ܝ ܕܠܲܝܬ ܠܹܗ ܚܲܕ ܫܘܼܠܛܵܢܵܐ ܒܵܬܪܹܗ ܘܠܵܐ ܒܹܝܬ ܕܪ̈ܵܫܹܐ ܕܣܵܡܟ̣ܝܼ ܘܲܡܫܲܘܪܸܒܸܝܼ17 ܠܲܡܟܲܝܠܵܝܘܼܬܹܗ؟!18
ܚܲܕ ܡ̣ܢ ܕܐܲܢܲܝ ܩܸܛܪܹ̈ܐ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܐܝܼܬ ܒܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܡܲܕܢܚܵܝܵܐ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ: ܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ ܕܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܒܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ19 ܕܟܲܝܠܵܐ ܩܲܕܡܵܝܵܐ20. ܐܝܼܬ ܡ݁ܢ ܕܟܵܬܹܒ̣ ܠܵܗ݁ ܗܵܕ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܒܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ [ܦܥܝܼܠ] ܘܐܝܼܬ ܡ݁ܢ ܕܟܵܬܹܒ̣ ܠܵܗ݁ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ [ܦܥܸܠ]، ܘܲܚܙܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܠܬܸܪܘܲܝܗܝ ܐܲܢܲܝ ܗܘܼܓܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܒܲܣܝܵܡܹ̈ܐ ܕܣܵܦܪ̈ܲܝܢ ܘܣܵܦܪ̈ܵܬܲܢ.
ܢܝܼܚ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܵܐ ܕܡܲܠܦܵܢܵܐ ܣܵܦܩܵܐ ܪܵܒܝܼ ܝܘܿܐܵܒ̣ ܕܵܘܝܼܕ ܕܒܹܝܬ ܒܸܢܝܵܡܹܝܢ ܕܝܼܗܘܵܐ ܚܲܕ ܡܲܠܦܵܢܵܐ ܣܵܦܩܵܐ ܘܲܣܦܝܼܪܵܐ ܒܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ، ܠܸܫܵܢ ܓܘܼܫܡܵܐ ܘܐܸܢܓܠܝܼܫܵܝܵܐ ܫܲܘܝܵܐܝܼܬ؛21 ܒܡܹܐܡܲܪܬܹܗ ܕܬܚܘܿܬ ܥܲܠܲܘܲܝ22 ܕ’ܢܘܼܗܵܪܹ̈ܐ ܡܗܲܕܝܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܥܲܠ ܚܲܕܟܡܵܐ ܐܸܣܟܹܝܡܹ̈ܐ ܕܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ’ ({ܕܒܹܝܬ‐ܒܸܢܝܵܡܹܝܢ, 2002 ܦ.45}) ܟܬܵܒ̣ܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܥܲܠ ܗܵܕ ܨܒ݂ܘܼܬܵܐ ܘܐ݇ܡܵܪܵܐ:
“”ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܐ ܫܲܠܡܵܐ ܕܬܘܼܪܵܨ ܡܲܡܠܠܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܩܵܒܹܠ ܗܵܕܟ̣ܵܐ ܐܸܣܟܹܝܡܵܐ ܥܩܝܼܡܵܐ؛ ܒܗ݁ܝ ܕܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܠܲܝܬ ܠܵܗ݁ ܐܸܣܟܹܝܡܵܐ ܕܝܼܠܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܒܨܘܼܪܬܵܐ ܕ”ܟܬܸܒ̣”، ܠܵܐ ܒܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܚܲܕܬܵܐ ܘܐܵܦܠܵܐ ܒܥܲܬܝܼܩܵܐ. ”ܟܬܸܒ̣” ܝܼܠܹܗ ܪܸܬܡܵܐ ܥܲܡܡܵܝܵܐ (ܣܘܵܕܵܝܵܐ) ܕܡܸܠܲܬ ܫܡܵܐ ܓܕܝܼܡܬܵܐ ”ܟܬܝܼܒ̣.”
ܥܲܡ ܗܵܕܹܐ ܚܙܵܝܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܕܐܝܼܬ ܡ݁ܢ ܡܲܗܡܘܿܝܹܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܠܐܵܗܵܐ ܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ ܕܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ ܘܲܩܪܵܝܹܗ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ”ܛܘܼܪܵܝܵܐ”23 ܘܐܝܼܬ ܚܲܕܟܡܵܐ ܕܡܲܙܗܘܿܪܹܐ24 ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܕܲܠܩܘܼܒ݂ܠ ܡܲܦܠܲܚܬܹܗ ({ܝܘܿܚܲܢܵܢ, 2014}) ܘܥܲܨܝܹ̈ܐ ܒܹܝܬ ܦܲܠܓܵܐ ܕܗܵܕ ܫܵܛܝܼܪܬܵܐ25 ܚܙܵܝܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܠܚܲܕܟܡܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܝܠܝܼܦܲܝ̈ܢ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܡܲܦܠܘܿܚܹܐ ܠܐܵܗܵܐ ܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܡܸܛܠܔ ܥܲܪܢܘܼܬܲܝܗܝ ܘܠܵܐ ܡܸܛܠܔ ܡܚܝܼܠܘܼܬܲܝܗܝ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܝܬܵܐ، ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܚܨܝܼܪܘܼܬ ܚܲܬܝܼܬܘܼܬܲܝܗܝ ܒܲܬܪܝܼܨܘܼܬܹܗ.
ܘܡܵܐ ܕܒܵܥܹܝܚ ܫܵܪܹܝܚ ܠܹܗ ܐܲܚܢܲܢ ܒܗܵܕ ܡܹܐܡܲܪܬܵܐ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ: ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܒܟܲܝܠܵܐ ܩܲܕܡܵܝܵܐ ܕܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܘܵܠܹܐ ܕܦܵܝܫܵܐ ܟܬܝܼܒ̣ܬܵܐ ܒܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ ܘܠܵܐ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ، ܐܵܘܟܹܝܬ ܩܛܝܼܠ ܠܝܼ ܘܠܵܐ ܩܛܸܠ ܠܝܼ. ܣܵܟ̣ ܘܣܵܟ̣ ܣܵܟ̣ܝܼ̈ܢ26 ܠܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܚܫܵܒ̣ܵܐ ܕܒܸܕ ܡܵܨܹܝܚ ܩܵܢܹܝܚ ܠܐܵܢܝܼ ܕܲܚܫܵܒ̣ܵܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܕܐܵܗܵܐ ܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ ܛܘܼܪܵܝܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܘܠܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܠܣܸܒ̣ܗܲܝ̈ ܪ̈ܲܕܝܲܝܢ،27 ܠܵܐ ܒܲܚܕܵܐ ܡܹܐܡܲܪܬܵܐ ܘܠܵܐ ܒܪܸ̈ܒܘܵܬܵܐ ܕܐܲܟ̣ܘܵܬܵܗ݁. ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܟܠܲܢ ܣܲܒ̣ܪܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܕܒܸܕ ܡܵܨܹܝܚ ܢܵܬܦܸܚ28 ܠܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ ܬܪܝܼܨܵܐ ܠܪ̈ܵܚܡܲܝܢ ܘܪ̈ܵܚܡܲܝ̈ ܠܸܫܵܢܲܢ ܕܝܼܠܲܝܗܝ ܐܲܪ̈ܝܼܟܲܝ ܕܪܵܥܵܐ29 ܒܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܘܣܵܦܪܘܼܬܹܗ، ܐܵܘܟܹܝܬ ܐܵܢܝܼ ܟܢܵܬܵܢܵܝܲܝ̈ܢ30 ܕܠܵܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܫܠܵܡܵܐ ܠܐܵܗܵܐ ܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܝܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܡܸܛܠ ܥܲܪܢܘܼܬܲܝܗܝ31 ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܡܸܛܠ ܡܦܲܫܟܘܼܬܲܝܗܝ32 ܒܡܵܐ ܕܐܝܼܬ ܠܥܲܕ ܟܬܝܼܒ̣ܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܗܵܕ ܨܒ݂ܘܼܬܵܐ.
ܒܸܕ ܦܵܠܓܸܚ ܠܵܗ݁ ܗܵܕ ܡܹܐܡܲܪܬܵܐ ܥܲܠ ܡܢܵܘ̈ܵܬܵܐ ܘܲܒܟܠ ܡܢܵܬܵܐ ܒܸܕ ܡܲܚܙܹܝܚ ܬܲܚܘ̈ܝܵܬ̣ܵܐ ܕܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ ܬܪܝܼܨܵܐ ܘܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܝܵܐ ܕܗܵܕ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܘܵܠܹܐ ܕܗܵܘܹܐ ܒܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ ܘܠܵܐ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ.
ܫܸܪܫܵܐ ܕܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܘܣܘܼܪܥܵܦܵܗ݁ ܒܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ
ܐ.ܐ ܠܲܝܬ ܣܵܟ̣ ܟܸܫܠܵܐ ܘܦܘܼܠܵܓ̣ܵܐ ܠܘܵܬ ܡܠܲܫܢܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܣܦܝܼܪ̈ܲܝ ܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܫܹܝܡܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܥܵܦܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܡܲܕܢܚܵܝܵܐ ܡܛܘܿܘܪܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܒܲܫܒ̣ܝܼܠܹܗ ܝܵܬܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܘܲܒܕܲܪܒܵܐ ܦܪܝܼܫܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܣܘܼܪ̈ܥܵܦܹܐ ܕܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܫܹܝܡܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܐ݇ܚܪܹ̈ܢܹܐ ({Bergsträsser and Daniels, 1983, p.112; Lipiński, 1997, p.421}). ܚܠܵܦ ܣܘܼܪ̈ܥܵܦܹ̈ܐ ܡܸܠܬܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܥܲܬܝܼܩܹ̈ܐ، ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܩܛܲܠ، ܩܛܲܠܬ ܘܩܸܛܠܸܬ̣ ܕܠܸܫܵܢ ܓܘܼܫܡܵܐ33 ، ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܫܒ̣ܝܼܩܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܟܠܲܝܗܝ ܐܲܢܲܝ ܣܘܼܪ̈ܥܵܦܹܐ ܘܲܡܣܘܿܪܥܸܦܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܠܡܸܠܬܹܗ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܩܵܐܹܡ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܸܠܲܬܫܡܵܐ ܥܵܒ̣ܘܿܕܬܵܐ ܘܡܸܠܬܹܗ ܒܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܸܠܲܬܫܡܵܐ ܚܵܫܘܿܫܬܵܐ؛34 ܐܵܘܟܹܝܬ ܩܵܛܹܠ ܘܲܩܛܝܼܠ ܣܕܝܼܪܵܐܝܼܬ35 ({ܣܝܼܡܘܿܢܘܿ, 1974 ܦ. 25؛ ܐܘܿܕܘܿ, 1911 ܦ.117؛ ܒܹܝܬ‐ܙܲܝܥܵܐ, 2007 ܦ.89}).
ܚܲܕ݇ܟܡܵܐ ܡܠܲܫܢܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܒܟ̣ܝܼܪ̈ܵܝܹܐ36 ܕܲܟܬܝܼܒ̣ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܥܲܠ ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܠܵܐ ܦܪܝܼܫ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܠܐܵܗܵܐ ܫܪܵܪܵܐ ܘܲܒܥܹܐ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܕܥܵܫܘܿܡܵܐܝܼܬ37 ܐܵܣܪܝܼ ܠܵܗ݁ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ (ܩܛܝܼܠ) ܒܣܘܼܪܥܵܦܵܐ ܕܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܒܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܕܠܸܫܵܢ ܓܘܼܫܡܵܐ (ܩܛܲܠ)، ܡܲܬܠܵܐ ܣܛܘܿܕܵܪܬ ({Stoddard, 2004 p.108}) ܐܵܡܹܪ:
As to the preterite, we find ܩܵܡ ܠܹܗ in the ancient, meaning “he rose to himself,’ i.e. he rose, who can doubt that this is nothing more or less than ܩܸܡܠܹܐ? So ܐܸܙܲܠܔ ܠܹܗ in the ancient is equivalent to ܐ݇ܙܸܠܹܐ in the modern, ܢܦܲܠܔ ܠܹܗ to ܦܪܲܩ ܠܹܗ ,ܢܦܸܠܹܐ to ܦܪܸܩܠܹܐ
and so on.
ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܪܸܢܝܵܐ ܥܘܼܕܝܵܝܵܐ38 ܠܵܐ ܢܓ݂ܝܼܪ39 ܠܲܝܗܝ ܚܲܝܹ̈ܗ ܘܲܩܒ̣ܝܼܪ ܒܥܲܙܪܘܼܪܹ̈ܗ40 ܒܗ݁ܝ ܕܲܡܠܲܫܢܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܠܝܼܓ݂ܵܐܝܬ41 ܦܪܝܼܫ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܕܐܵܗܵܐ ܚܲܕ ܦܵܘܕܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܘܓܵܘܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ ܡܛܹܐ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܥܲܠ ܦܘܼܣܩܵܢܵܐ ܕܐܵܡܹܪ: ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܠܲܝܬ ܠܵܗ݁ ܐܸܣܘܿܪܵܐ ܥܲܡ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܒܠܸܫܵܢ ܓܘܼܫܡܵܐ ܘܠܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܡܝܘܿܒܸܠܬܵܐ42 ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܡ̣ܢ ܣܘܼܪܥܵܦܹܗ، ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܐܝܼܬ ܠܵܗ݁ ܐ݇ܚܝܵܢܘܼܬܵܐ ܥܲܡ ܫܸܡ ܥܵܒ̣ܘܿܕܹܗ ܘܫܸܡ ܚܵܫܘܿܫܹܗ ({Lipiński, 1997 p.422; Bergsträsser and Daniels, 1983 p.112}).
ܐܝܼܬ ܡ݁ܢ ܕܚܵܙܹܐ ܠܐܵܗܵܐ ܛܘܼܘܵܪܵܐ ܐܵܘ ܡܛܲܠܲܩܬܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪ̈ܥܵܦܹܐ ܥܲܬܝܼܩܹ̈ܐ (ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܕܐܵܡܪܝܼ ܚܲܕܟܡܵܐ) ܟܒܲܪ ܒܥܲܝܢܵܐ ܫܵܝܘܿܛܬܵܐ ({داود, 1896, ܦ.282}) ܘܐܝܼܬ ܡ݁ܢ ܕܚܵܙܹܐ ܥܲܬܝܼܪܘܼܬܵܐ ܒܐܵܗܵܐ ܛܘܼܘܵܪܵܐ ܘܲܡܟܲܢܹܐ ܠܹܗ ’ܦܘܼܩܵܥ ܣܘܼܪ̈ܥܵܦܹܐ’43 ܒܗ݁ܝ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܐܝܼܬ ܠܹܗ ܐܲܪܒܲܥܣܲܪ ܣܘܼܪ̈ܥܵܦܹܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ‐ܬܲܦܢܟ̣ܵܐ44 ‐ܘܲܙܢܵܐ45 ܣܛܲܪ ܡ̣ܢ ܣܘܼܪ̈ܥܵܦܹܐ ܚܲܕܬܹ̈ܐ ܕܡܸܠܹ̈ܐ ܚܵܫܘܿܫ̈ܝܵܬ̣ܵܐ ({Paul M. Noorlander and Donald Stilo, 2015}). ܡܸܛܠܔ ܗܵܕܹܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܕܐܵܡܹܪ ܡܲܠܦܵܢܵܐ ܣܘܿܠܘܿܡܘܿܢ ({Solomon, 1995 p.59}):
In the new Stem System of tenses, these old nonfinite elements have now become the new stems, or “ground-form”, from which all of a verb’s inflected forms are derived. Based upon this new nonfinite stem system as they are, the new grammatically definable tenses are far more systematic in their generation, more manageable in their application, more definite in their temporality, and more precise in their tense meaning. The new stem system of temporality is innately more capable of producing a wide range of well-defined, well-delineated and grammatically more discernible tense forms…”
ܙܲܒ݂ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܘܡܸܠܝܼ̈ܢ ܫܡܵܐ ܥܵܒ݂ܘܿܕܬܵܐ ܘܚܵܫܘܿܫܬܵܐ ܕܠܸܫܵܢ ܓܘܼܫܡܵܐ
ܐ.ܒ. ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܕܲܟ̣ܝܼܪ، ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܐܝܼܬ ܠܵܗ݁ ܐ݇ܚܝܵܢܘܼܬܵܐ (ܒܐܸܣܟܹܝܡܵܐ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐܝܼܬ) ܥܲܡ ܡܸܠܲܬܫܡܵܐ ܕܠܸܫܵܢ ܓܘܼܫܡܵܐ ܗ݁ܘ ܕܡܸܠܲܬܫܡܹܗ ܥܵܒ݂ܘܿܕܬܵܐ ܡܣܘܼܪܥܲܦܬܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܒܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܒܙܲܒ݂ܢܵܐ ܕܩܵܐܹܡ ܥܝܵܕܵܝܵܐ (ܩܵܛܹܠܔ، ܩܵܛܠܵܐ ܘܲܣܛܲܪ.)، ܘܡܸܠܲܬܫܡܹܗ ܚܵܫܘܿܫܬܵܐ ܡܣܘܼܪܥܲܦܬܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܒܲܓܕܵܡܵܐ46 (ܕ. ܩܛܝܼܠܔ، ܢܔ. ܩܛܝܼܠܵܐ) ܥܲܡ ܚܠܵܦܫܡܵܗܹ̈ܐ ܠܵܡܲܕܵܝܹ̈ܐ47 (ܠܹܗ، ܠܵܗ݁ ܘܲܣܛܲܪ) ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ݂ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ (ܩܛܝܼܠܔ ܠܝܼ، ܩܛܝܼܠܔ ܠܵܗ݁ ܘܲܣܛܲܪ).
ܓܵܘܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ ܡܸܠܲܬܫܡܵܐ ܚܵܫܘܿܫܬܵܐ ܒܠܸܫܵܢ ܓܘܼܫܡܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܗܵܘܝܵܐ ܕܚܵܫܠܸܚ ܠܵܗ݁ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܸܠܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܒ̈ܝܼܩܵܬܵܐ ({ܕܒܹܝܬ‐ܩܸܠܵܝܬܵܐ ܦ.ܩܥ})،48 ܘܐ݇ܡܵܪܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܓܵܘܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ ܡܸܛܠܔ ܐܝܼܬ ܠܲܢ ܡܸܠܝܼ̈ܢ ܫܡܵܐ ܚܵܫܘܿܫ̈ܝܵܬ̣ܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܒܠܸܫܵܢ ܓܘܼܫܡܵܐ (ܚܙܲܝ ܐܵܘ ܚܙܝܼ: ܕܲܫܡܝܼܥ ܠܲܢ، ܩܝܼܡ ܠܹܗ {Nöldeke and Crichton, 1904 p.219}) ܘܗܵܕܟ̣ܵܐ ܣܘܼܪ̈ܥܵܦܹܐ ܫܟܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܐܵܦ ܒܨܘܼܪܲܬ ܟܬܵܒ ܒܡܲܦܲܩܬܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܛܬܵܐ، ܡܲܬܠܵܐ: ’ܚܟ̣ܝܼܡ ܠܝܼ’ ({ܣܕܝܼܪܘܼܬ ܒܹܝܬ‐ܝܲܕܓܵ, 2009 ܠܘܼܩܵܐ ܐ:ܠܕ}).
ܠܵܐ ܚܫܵܠܬܵܐ ܕܡܸܠܝܼ̈ܢ ܫܡܵܐ ܚܵܫܘܿܫ̈ܝܵܬܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܸܠܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܒ̈ܝܼܩܵܬܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܠܸܫܵܢ ܓܘܼܫܡܵܐ (ܐܵܦ ܐܸܢ ܕܡܘܿܚܘܹܐ ܠܲܢ ܕܐܝܼܬ ܚܫܝܼܠܹ̈ܐ ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܕܲܠܝܼܠܵܐܝܼܬ)49 ܡܲܥܒ̣ܘܿܕܹܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܕܚܲܕܟܡܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܵܬܘܿܒܲܝ̈ܢ ܚܵܣܟ̣ܝܼ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܗܲܓܘܿܝܹܐ ܠܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܒܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ݂ܵܨܵܐ، ܘܕܝܼܠܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ ܐܵܢܝܼ ܕܲܕܪܵܥܲܝܗܝ ܟܪܝܼܬܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܒܬܘܼܪܵܨ ܡܲܡܠܠܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܘܫܸܪܫܵܝܘܼܬܹܗ (ܡܲܬܠܵܐ {ܝܘܿܚܲܢܵܢ, 2014}). ܘܟܠܵܗ݁ ܗܵܕܹܐ ܒܗ݁ܝ ܕܲܒܥܵܝܵܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܕܲܡܥܲܫܡܝܼ50 ܩܵܢܘܿܢܹ̈ܐ ܬܘܼܪܵܨ ܡܲܡܠܠܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܠܸܫܵܢ ܓܘܼܫܡܵܐ ܥܲܠܔ ܣܘܼܪܥܵܦ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ، ܘܐܵܗܵܐ ܚܕܵܐ ܦܲܗܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܪܲܒܬܵܐ51 ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܡܸܛܠܔ ܐ݇ܚܝܵܢܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܥܲܡ ܡܸܠܲܬ ܫܡܵܐ ܚܵܫܘܿܫܬܵܐ ܕܠܸܫܵܢ ܓܘܼܫܡܵܐ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕ ܒܐܸܣܟܹܝܡܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ (ܐܵܘܟܹܝܬ ’ܩܛܝܼܠܔ’ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܒܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܘܲ’ܩܛܝܼܠܔ’ ܡܸܠܲܬܫܡܵܐ ܓܕܝܼܡܬܵܐ ܒܠܸܫܵܢ ܓܘܼܫܡܵܐ) ܘܠܵܐ ܒܩܵܢ̈ܘܿܢܵܗ݁ (ܐܵܘܟܹܝܬ ܡܸܠܲܬܫܡܵܐ ܚܵܫܘܿܫܬܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܚܵܫܠܝܼ ܠܵܗ݁ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܸܠܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܒ̈ܝܼܩܵܬܵܐ). ܘܗܵܕܟ̣ܵܐ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܒܲܪܬ ܦܸܚܡܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܕܐܸܣܟܹܝܡܵܐ ܕܡܸܠܲܬܫܡܵܐ ܚܵܫܘܿܫܬܵܐ ܕܠܸܫܵܢ ܓܘܼܫܡܵܐ ܘܲܡܣܲܪܥܸܦܸܚ ܒܵܗ݁ ܠܟܲܠܝܗܝ ܡܸܠܲܝ̈ܢ ܡܫܲܢ̈ܝܵܢܝܵܬܵܐ ܘܐܵܦ ܕܲܒ̈ܝܼܩܵܬܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܣܵܟ̣ ܩܸܛܪܵܐ ܘܦܘܼܪܫܵܢܵܐ ({Simon Hopkins, 1989; H. J. Polotsky, 1991})؛ ܘܐܵܗܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܡܵܐ ܕܒܵܥܹܝܚ ܡܵܛܹܝܚ ܥܲܠܹܗ ܘܕܵܪܫܹܚ ܠܹܗ ܒܲܡܢܵܬ ܐ.ܓ.
ܛܘܼܘܵܪܵܐ ܘܓܘܼܪܵܓ̣ܵܐ52 ܕܣܘܼܪܥܵܦ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ
ܐ.ܓ. ܣܲܓܝܼ ܕܘܝܼܕ53 ܠܲܝܗܝ ܡܠܲܫܢܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܡܕܲܠܠܵܢܹ̈ܐ54 ܕܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܫܹܝܡܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܓܵܘܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ ܘܲܒܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܕܝܼܠܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ ܟܲܕ ܡܢܲܣܘܿܝܹܐ ܕܦܵܫܪܝܼ55 ܠܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ. ܣܲܓܝܼ ܫܓ̣ܝܼܡ ܠܲܝܗܝ56 ܒܲܨܒ̣ܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܐܵܪܵܐ ܩܵܐ ܡܵܘܕܝܼ ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܡܚܘܿܪܸܪ ܠܹܗ ܠܣܘܼܪܥܵܦܹܗ ܡ̣ܢ ܟܲܝܠܹ̈ܐ ܣܘܼܪ̈ܥܵܦܵܝܹܐ ܥܲܬܝܼܩܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܒܐܘܼܪܚܵܐ ܦܪܝܼܫܬܵܐ ܕܝܵܬܹܗ (ܚܙܲܝ ܐܵܘ ܚܙܝܼ ܐ.ܐ.). ܠܵܐ ܡܢܘܿܓܸܪ ܠܵܗ݁57 ܘܲܡܛܹܐ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܥܲܠܔ ܐܵܘܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܓܵܘܵܢܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܐܵܗܵܐ ܛܘܼܘܵܪܵܐ ܣܘܼܪܥܵܦܵܝܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܐ݇ܬܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܠܐܝܼܬܘܼܬܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ، ܐܵܘ ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܩܕܝܼܡܵܝܵܐ،58 ܘܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܗܸܢܕܘܿ‐ܐܝܼܪ̈ܵܢܵܝܹܐ59 ܓܫܝܼܦ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܒܲܚܕܵܕܹ̈ܐ60 ({Khan, 2008 p.22}). ܡܘܿܩܨܸܨ ܠܲܝܗܝ61 ܠܐܵܗܵܐ ܛܘܼܘܵܪܵܐ ܐܲܢܲܝ ܡܕܲܠܠܵܢܹ̈ܐ، ܒܬܵܘܫܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܡܢܵܬܵܢܵܝܬܵܐ،62 ܠܲܡܥܲܒܕܵܢܘܼܬܵܐ ܟܠܵܢܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܗܸܢܕܘܿ‐ܐܝܼܪ̈ܵܢܵܝܹܐ ({Lipiński, 1997 p.422; Bergsträsser and Daniels, 1983 p.110})؛ ܕܝܼܠܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ ܠܩܘܼܪܕܹܝܬ ({Jastrow, 1997})؛ ܘܡܸܛܠܔ ܗܵܕܹܐ ܐܵܡܹܪ ܠܝܼܦܝܼܢܣܟܝܼ ({Lipiński, 1997 p.422}):
ܐܵܪܵܡܵܝܵܐ ܡܲܕܢܚܵܝܵܐ ܚܲܕܬܵܐ ܣܲܓܝܼ ܡܥܘܿܒܸܕ ܒܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܫܹܝܡܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܫܒ̣ܵܒ̣ܵܝܹ̈ܐ،63 ܕܝܼܠܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ ܩܘܼܪܕܹܝܬ ܕܝܼܠܹܗ ܚܲܕ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܐܝܼܪܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܘܲܕܥܲܠܹܗ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܕܡܲܩܨܸܨܝܼ ܣܵܝܘܿܡܹ̈ܐ ܠܫܘܼܚܠܵܦܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܥܵܦ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܒܐܵܪܵܡܵܝܵܐ ܚܲܕܬܵܐ.
ܗ݁ܝ ܡܥܲܒܕܵܢܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܗܸܢܕܘܿ‐ܐܝܼܪ̈ܵܢܵܝܹܐ، ܘܕܝܼܠܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ ܕܩܘܼܪܕܹܝܬ، ܕܲܡܒܲܝܬܵܐ ܠܲܢ64 ܠܐܲܟ̣ܵܐ ܒܗܵܕܹܐ ܡܹܐܡܲܪܬܵܐ ܝܼܠܵܗ݁ ܡܥܲܒܕܵܢܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܐܲܢܲܝ ܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܥܲܠܔ ܣܘܼܪܥܵܦܵܐ ܕܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܒܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ.
ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܥܵܡܘܿܠܬܵܐ65 ܒܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܘܦܸܚܡܵܗ݁ ܒܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܗܸܢܕܘܿ‐ܐܝܼܪ̈ܵܢܵܝܹܐ.
ܐ.ܕ. ܓܫܵܦܵܐ66 ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܐܵܘ ܛܵܒ̣ ܕܐܵܡܪܸܚ ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܩܕܝܼܡܵܝܵܐ ܘܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܐ݇ܚܝܵܢܹ̈ܗ ܥܲܡ ܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܗܸܢܕܘܿ‐ܐܝܼܪ̈ܵܢܵܝܹܐ ܡܘܿܥܒܸܕ ܠܹܗ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܡܣܲܪܥܸܦ ܠܡܸܠܬܹܗ ܒܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܥܵܡܘܿܠܵܐܝܼܬ.67 ܘܗܵܕ ܥܵܡܘܿܠܬܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ68 ܚܙܵܝܵܗ݁ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܒܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܐܵܪ̈ܵܡܵܝܹܐ ܥܲܬܝܼܩܹ̈ܐ. ܡܲܬܠܵܐ، ܐܵܪܵܡܵܝܵܐ ܐܲܚܡܝܼܢܵܝܵܐ: עביד לי (ܐܵܘܟܹܝܬ ’ܥܒ̣ܝܼܕ ܠܝܼ’ ܐܵܬܘܼܬܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ ܗܘܵܝܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁: ܦܝܼܫܵܐ ܥܒ̣ܝܼܕܵܐ + ܐܸܒܝܼ) ܕܲܡܠܝܼܛܹ̈ܐ ܒܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܫܹܝܡܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܚܙܵܝܵܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܕܗܵܕܹܐ ܐ݇ܬܵܝܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܡ̣ܢ ܦܲܪܣܹܝܬ ܥܲܬܝܼܩܵܐ:69 manā kṛtam ܘܐܝܼܬ ܡܲܬܠܹ̈ܐ ܐ݇ܚܪܹ̈ܢܹܐ ({Lipiński, 1997 p.423}) ܩܲܪ̈ܝܼܒܹܐ ܠܗܵܕܹܐ ܦܪܝܼܫܵܐܝܼܬ ܒܐܵܪܵܡܵܝܵܐ ܕܝܼܗܘܿܕܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܒܵܒܹܠܔ ܕܐܝܼܬ ܠܹܗ ܗܵܕܟ̣ܵܐ ܣܘܼܪ̈ܥܵܦܹܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܸܠܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܒ̈ܝܼܩܵܬܵܐ ܘܲܡܫܲܢ̈ܝܵܢܝܵܬܵܐ،70 ܡܲܬܠܵܐ: קמיל לכן ܗ.ܕ. ܩܛܝܼܠܔ ܠܵܘܟ̣ܘܿܢ ܐܵܘܟܹܝܬ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܡܫܲܢܝܵܢܝܼܬܵܐ ({Bar-Asher Siegal, 2013 p.212}) ܘܡ̣ܢ ܕܲܒܝܼܩܬܵܐ ܐܝܼܬ שכיבן תרי בנה ܗ.ܕ. ܫܟ̣ܝܼܒ̣ܝܼ71 ܬܪܹܝܢ ܒܢ̈ܘܿܢܵܗ݁
(ܗ݁ܘ ܐ݇ܚܲܪܵܝܵܐ ܦ.210).
ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܕܲܩܪܝܼܚܵܐ72 ܠܩܵܪ̈ܘܿܝܹܐ، ܐܵܗܵܐ ܣܘܼܪܥܵܦܵܐ ܒܸܢܝܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܥܲܠܔ ܓܕܵܡܵܐ ܕܡܸܠܲܬܫܡܵܐ ܚܵܫܘܿܫܬܵܐ ܘܲܚܠܵܦܫܡܵܗܹ̈ܐ ܠܵܡܲܕܵܝܹ̈ܐ (ܐܵܘܟܹܝܬ: ܡܲܦܲܠܬܵܐ73 ܕ’ܠܔ’ + ܚܠܵܦܫܡܵܗܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܒܝܼܩܹ̈ܐ).74 ܥܲܡ ܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܣܘܼܪܥܵܦܵܐ ܡܛܘܿܘܸܪ ܠܹܗ ܒܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܩܕܝܼܡܵܝܵܐ ܘܲܡܫܘܿܪܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܕܚܵܕܹܪ ܥܲܠܔ ܣܘܼܪܥܵܦܵܐ ܟܲܝܠܵܝܵܐ75 ܕܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ({Khan, 2007}). ܒܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܛܵܒ̣ ܦܫܝܼܛܵܐ: ܓܕ݂ܵܡܵܐ ܕܡܸܠܲܬܫܡܵܐ ܚܵܫܘܿܫܬܵܐ + ܡܲܦܲܠܬܵܐ ’ܠܔ’ + ܚܠܵܦܫܡܵܐ ܕܲܒܝܼܩܵܐ ܡܙܝܼܓ̣ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܒܲܚܕܵܕܹ̈ܐ ܕܝܵܗܒ̣ܝܼ ܠܲܢ ܠܣܘܼܪܥܵܦܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܕܝܵܘܡܵܢܵܐ ܘܲܠܟܠܲܝܗܝ ܡܸܠܹ̈ܐ (ܕܲܒ̈ܝܼܩܵܬܵܐ ܘܲܡܫܲܢܝܵܢ̈ܝܵܬܵܐ) ܕܠܵܐ ܣܵܟ̣ ܦܘܼܪܫܵܢܵܐ ({Paul M. Noorlander and Donald Stilo, 2015b; Simon Hopkins, 1989; Bar-Asher Siegal, 2013 p.212; Bergsträsser and Daniels, 1983 p.112}).
ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܕܲܕܟ̣ܝܼܪ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܛܘܼܘܵܪܵܐ ܡܘܿܩܨܸܨ ܠܲܡܥܲܒܕܵܢܘܼܬ ܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܗܸܢܕܘܿ‐ܐܝܼܪ̈ܵܢܵܝܹܐ (ܕܝܼܠܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ ܩܘܼܪܕܹܝܬ)،76 ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܡܡܲܠܠܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܵܪܵܝܬܵܐ77 ܕܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܫܹܝܡܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܘܗܸܢܕܘܿ‐ܐܝܼܪ̈ܵܢܵܝܹܐ ܡܲܚܙܘܿܝܹܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁: ܕܐܹܝܢ، ܟܒܲܪ ܒܸܠܒܵܛܵܐ ܩܲܕܡܵܝܵܐ ܕܐܵܗܵܐ ܛܘܼܘܵܪܵܐ ܢܸܕܝܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܡ̣ܢ ܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܗܸܢܕܘܿ‐ܐܝܼܪ̈ܵܢܵܝܹܐ ܠܓܵܘ ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ، ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܒܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܡܛܘܿܘܸܪ ܓܒ̣ܝܼܠܬܵܐܝܼܬ78 ܘܲܒܐܘܼܪܚܹܗ ܕܝܼܠܵܢܵܝܬܵܐ (ܣܘܼܪܥܵܦܵܐ ܥܵܡܘܿܠܵܐ79 ܕܡܸܠܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܒ̈ܝܼܩܵܬܵܐ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐܝܼܬ {Simon Hopkins, 1989; Khan, 2002 p.92; Khan, 2008 p.21}). ܘܗܵܕܟ̣ܵܐ ܚܙܵܝܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܕܥܲܡ ܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܘܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܗܸܢܕܘܿ‐ܐܝܼܪ̈ܵܢܵܝܹܐ ܫܒ̣ܵܒ̣ܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܡܫܘܿܫܸܛ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܒܗܸܦܟܵܐ ܕܲܚܕܵܕܹ̈ܐ ({Doron and Khan, 2012}). ܘܐܝܼܬ ܪܸܢܝܵܐ ܚܲܕܬܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܚܙܵܝܵܐ ܠܫܸܪܫܵܐ ܕܐܵܗܵܐ ܒܸܠܒܵܛܵܐ ܩܲܕܡܵܝܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܗܸܢܕܘܿ‐ܐܝܼܪ̈ܵܢܵܝܹܐ، ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܒܚܲܕ ܛܘܼܘܵܪܵܐ ܡܫܵܘܬܦܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܦܪ̈ܝܼܫܹܐ ܕܲܫܟܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ ܗܘܵܘ ܒܲܦܢܝܼܬܵܐ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܐܲܪܲܣ‐ܐܝܼܪܵܢ80 ({Paul M. Noorlander and Donald Stilo, 2015a}). ܘܲܠܥܸܠܔ ܡ̣ܢ ܗܵܕܹܐ، ܐ݇ܡܵܪܵܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܕܲܟܒܲܪ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܒܸܠܒܵܛܵܐ ܩܲܕܡܵܝܵܐ ܗܵܘܹܐ ܢܸܕܝܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܩܕܝܼܡܵܝܵܐ ܘܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܐ݇ܚܪܹ̈ܢܹܐ ܕܗܵܕ ܦܢܝܼܬܵܐ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܝܬܵܐ ܠܓܵܘ ܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܗܸܢܕܘܿ‐ܐܝܼܪ̈ܵܢܵܝܹܐ ܘܠܵܐ ܒܗܸܦܟܵܐ ({Donald Stilo and Paul M. Noorlander, 2015b}).
ܒܗܵܕܹܐ ܡܢܵܬܵܐ ܕܪܝܼܫ ܠܲܢ ܥܲܠܔ ܫܸܪܫܵܐ ܕܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܘܕܵܐܟ̣ܝܼ ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܡܣܲܪܥܸܦ ܠܡܸܠܹ̈ܗ ܕܲܒ̈ܝܼܩܵܬܵܐ ܘܲܡܫܲܢ̈ܝܵܢܝܵܬܵܐ ܐܲܟ̣ܘܵܬܵܐܝܼܬ81 ܘܲܕܠܵܐ ܣܵܟ̣ ܦܘܼܪܫܵܢܵܐ. ܘܲܒܗܵܕܟ̣ܵܐ ܒܛܵܠܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܪܸܢܝܵܐ ܕܐܵܢܝܼ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܡܗܲܓܘܿܝܹܐ ܠܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܒܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ (ܡܸܛܠܔ ܡܲܬܠܵܐ ܘܒܲܠܚܘܿܕ {ܝܘܿܚܲܢܵܢ, 2014}) ܒܗ݁ܝ ܕܲܬܟܵܠܵܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܥܲܠܔ ܠܸܫܵܢ ܓܘܼܫܡܵܐ ܕܠܲܝܬ ܠܹܗ (ܓܵܘܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ) ܡܸܠܲܬܫܡܵܐ ܚܵܫܘܿܫܬܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܸܠܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܒ̈ܝܼܩܵܬܵܐ ({ܕܒܹܝܬ‐ܩܸܠܵܝܬܵܐ, 1999 ܦ. ܩܥ}).
ܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ ܘܩܵܠܣܘܿܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ
ܒ.ܐ. ܚܲܕܟܡܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܪ̈ܵܚܡܲܝܢ ܣܦܝܼܪܹ̈ܐ ܢܦܵܠܵܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܒܬܵܘܫܵܐ ܟܲܕ ܡܙܵܓ̣ܵܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܒܹܝܬ ܐܸܣܟܹܝܡܵܐ ܡܸܠܬܵܝܵܐ82 ܘܬܲܢܘܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܩܵܠܣܘܿܕܵܝܬܵܐ.83 ܟܲܕ ܚܫܵܒ̣ܵܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܕܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܘܵܠܹܐ ܕܲܡܗܲܓܸܚ ܠܵܗ݁ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ ܒܗ݁ܝ ܕܲܢܦܵܠܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܒܲܫܩܵܠܵܐ ܣܟ̣ܝܼܪܵܐ84 ܘܲܚܫܵܒ̣ܵܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܕܙܵܘܥܵܐ ܕܟܵܪܹܐ ܒܬܲܢܘܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܩܵܠܣܘܿܕܵܝܬܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܫܵܩܹܠܔ ܚܘܼܝܵܨܵܐ،85 ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܕܐܸܢ ܗܵܕܹܐ ܡܚܲܠܦܵܐ ܠܟܲܝܠܵܐ ܡܸܠܬܵܝܵܐ86 ܕܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܒܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ.
ܟܪܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܙܵܘܥܵܐ ܐܲܪܝܼܟ̣ܵܐ ܘܚܘܼܝܵܨܵܐ
ܒ.ܒ. ܩܵܠܣܘܿܕܵܐܝܼܬ87 ܙܵܘܥܵܐ ܐܲܪܝܼܟ̣ܵܐ ܟܵܪܹܐ ܐܝܼܡܵܢ ܕܢܵܦܹܠܔ ܒܚܲܕ ܫܩܵܠܵܐ ܣܟ̣ܝܼܪܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܪܸܬܡܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ({Murre-van den Berg, 2000 p.162})، ܡܲܬܠܵܐ: ܙܵܘܥܵܐ ܐܲܪܝܼܟ̣ܵܐ ܕܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ ܕܓܵܘ ܩܛܝܼܠܔ، ܟܵܪܹܐ ܒܪܸܬܡܵܐ ܘܲܡܠܲܫܢܝܼ ܝܠܹܗ ܐܵܬܘܿܪ̈ܵܝܹܐ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ ’ܩܛܸܠܔ’(ܘܐܝܼܬ ܫܲܒ̣ܛܹ̈ܐ ܕܪܵܬܡܝܼ ܠܵܗ݁ ܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ). ܘܐܝܼܡܵܢ ܕܢܵܩܹܦ ܠܗܵܕ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܚܲܕ ܚܠܵܦܫܡܵܐ ܠܵܡܲܕܵܝܵܐ، ܐܵܗܵܐ ܙܵܘܥܵܐ ܕܲܟܪܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܡܸܛܠܔ ܬܲܢܘܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܩܵܠܣܘܿܕܵܝܬܵܐ، ܫܵܩܹܠܔ ܚܘܼܝܵܨܵܐ ܒܗ݁ܝ ܩܵܠܣܘܿܕܵܝܘܼܬ ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܡܚܲܝܨܵܐ ܠܲܫܩܵܠܵܐ ܕܒܵܟܹܪ88 ܠܗ݁ܘ ܐ݇ܚܲܪܵܝܵܐ89 ܒܟܠܲܝܗܝ ܒܢܵܬ̈ܩܵܠܹܐ ܘܡܸܠܹ̈ܐ ܥܲܦܝܼܦܵܬ̈ ܩܵܠܵܐ90 ({Odisho, 1988 p.57}). ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܗܵܕܹܐ ܬܲܢܘܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܩܵܠܣܘܿܕܵܝܬܵܐ ܪܸܬܡܵܝܬܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܘܠܵܐ ܘܵܠܹܐ ܕܲܡܚܲܠܦܵܐ ܠܐܸܣܟܹܝܡܵܐ ܡܸܠܬܵܝܵܐ.
ܟܝܵܢܵܝܬܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܕܚܲܕ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܗܵܘܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܦܘܼܪܫܵܢܵܐ ܒܹܝܬ ܬܲܢܘܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܩܵܠܣܘܿܕܵܝܬܵܐ ܘܐܸܣܟܹܝܡܵܐ ܡܸܠܬܵܝܵܐ، ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܟܝܵܢܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܬܵܒ̣ܪܸܚ ܠܩܵܢܘܿܢܹ̈ܐ ܣܘܼܪ̈ܥܵܦܵܝܹܐ ܕܚܲܕ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ. ܫܒ̣ܘܿܩ ܡܸܢ݇ܕܪܹܫ݇ ܫܵܩܠܸܚ ܠܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܐܸܢܓܠܝܼܫܵܝܵܐ: ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕ’ate’ (ܐ݇ܟ̣ܝܼܠܔ) ܩܵܠܣܘܿܕܵܐܝܼܬ ܪܬܝܼܡܬܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܒܙܵܘܥܵܐ ܡܚܲܝܕܵܐ،91 ܐܵܘܟܹܝܬ ayt، ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܣܵܟ̣ ܠܵܐ ܚܵܙܹܝܚ ܠܐܸܢܓܠܝܼܫܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܡܚܲܠܘܿܦܹܐ ܠܐܸܣܟܹܝܡܵܗ݁ ܡܸܠܬܵܝܵܐ ܘܲܡܗܲܓܘܿܝܹܐ ܠ ’ate’ ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܕܲܛܠܵܒܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܬܲܢܘܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܩܵܠܣܘܿܕܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܪܸܬܡܵܐ (ܐܵܘܟܹܝܬ ayt).
ܡܵܘܕܝܼ ܒܘܿܕ ܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܩܵܐܹܡ ܥܝܵܕܵܝܵܐ؟
ܒ.ܓ. ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܒܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܩܵܐܹܡ ܥܝܵܕܵܝܵܐ92 ܗܵܘܝܵܐ ܥܲܠܔ ܟܲܝܠܵܐ ܕ’ܩܵܛܹܠܔ’. ܐܵܦ ܠܲܐܟ̣ܵܐ، ܙܵܘܥܵܐ ܐܲܪܝܼܟ̣ܵܐ ܕܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܩܲܫܝܵܐ ܢܦܵܠܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܒܚܲܕ ܫܩܵܠܵܐ ܣܟ̣ܝܼܪܵܐ. ܐܸܢ ܡܐܲܘܹܝܚ ܥܲܡ ܚܲܕܟܡܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܝܵܨܘܿܦܲܝ̈ ܠܸܫܵܢܲܢ ܕܲܡܣܲܢܓܘܿܪܹܐ93 ܠܲܝܗܝ ܕܲܡܗܲܓܸܚ ܠܵܗ݁ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ ܡܸܛܠܔ ܟܪܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ ܒܲܫܩܵܠܵܐ ܣܟ̣ܝܼܪܵܐ، ܘܵܠܹܐ ܕܲܡܗܲܓܸܚ ܐܵܦ ܠܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܒܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܩܵܐܹܡ ܥܝܵܕܵܝܵܐ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ (ܩܵܛܸܠܔ) ܘܠܵܐ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܩܲܫܝܵܐ (ܩܵܛܹܠܔ)، ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܕܲܛܠܵܒܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܐ. ܗܵܕܹܐ ܘܝܲܬܝܼܪ،94 ܐܵܢܝܼ ܟܲܕ ܐܵܢܝܼ ܣܵܦܪ̈ܲܝܢ ܣܵܟ̣ ܣܵܟ̣ܝܼ̈ܢ ܠܵܐ ܟܵܬ̣ܒ̣ܝܼ ܠܵܗ݁ ܗܵܕ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ (ܩܵܛܸܠܔ). ܐܵܪܵܐ ܩܵܐ ܡܵܘܕܝܼ ܚܵܙܝܼ ܠܵܗ݁ ܟܪܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܙܵܘܥܵܐ ܐܲܪܝܼܟ̣ܵܐ ܒܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܘܡܲܥܡܸܨܸܝܼ ܥܲܝܢܹ̈ܗ ܥܲܠܔ ܟܪܵܝܬܹܗ ܒܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܩܵܐܹܡ ܥܝܵܕܵܝܵܐ ܕܡܸܠܬܵܐ؟
ܪܘܝܼܚܘܼܬ ܡܲܦܠܲܚܬܵܐ
ܓ.ܐ. ܐܝܼܬ ܪܸܥܝܵܢܵܐ ܕܐܵܡܹܪ ܕܐܲܚܢܲܢ ܘܵܠܹܐ ܕܲܡܗܲܓܹܝܚ ܠܵܗ݁ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܒܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ ܘܠܵܐ ܒܲܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ ܡܸܛܠܔ ܣܘܿܓ̣ܐܵܐ ܕܡܲܠܫܢܵܢܲܝ̈ܢ، ܕܝܼܠܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ ܪ̈ܲܕܝܲܝܗܝ،95 ܟܵܬܒ̣ܝܼ ܠܵܗ݁ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ.96
ܫܪܵܪܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܕܲܣܪ̈ܝܼܛܵܬܵܐ ܥܲܬ̈ܝܼܩܵܬܵܐ،97 ܘܣܘܼܓ̣ܐܵܐ ܕܲܟܬܵܒܹ̈ܐ ܘܲܡܓܲܠܹ̈ܐ ܥܲܬܝܼܩܹ̈ܐ ܡܗܲܓܝܼ ܠܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ، ܐܵܦ ܐܸܢ ܕܐܝܼܬ ܒܐܝܼܕܵܬ̈ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܟܵܬܘܿܒ̣ܵܐ ܣܪ̈ܝܼܛܵܬܵܐ ܕܲܡܗܲܓܝܼ ܠܵܗ݁ ܒܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ ܘܐܝܼܬ ܙܲܒ̣̈ܢܵܬܵܐ ܕܒܸܕ ܚܵܙܹܝܚ ܠܬܸܪܘܲܝܗܝ ܗܘܼܓܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܒܗ݁ܝ ܟܲܕ ܗ݁ܝ ܣܪܝܼܛܬܵܐ. ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܚܲܕ ܪܸܢܝܵܐ ܚܠܝܼܡܵܐ98 ܕܢܵܦܠܸܚ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ ܕܐܲܢܲܝ ܣܪ̈ܝܼܛܵܬܵܐ ܘܲܡܓܲܠܹ̈ܐ ܘܠܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܕܫܵܩܠܸܚ ܠܗܘܼܓܵܝܲܝܗܝ ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܟܲܝܠܵܐ ܠܗܘܼܓܵܝܲܢ ܕܝܵܘܡܵܢܵܐ ܒܗ݁ܝ ܕܲܚܒ̣ܝܼܫܵܬܲܝܗ̈ܝ ܡܸܠܝܹ̈ܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܡ̣ܢ ܗܘܼܓܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܫܢܝܼܙܹ̈ܐ. ܘܐܸܢ ܦܣܝܼܩ ܠܲܢ ܕܲܡܗܲܓܸܚ ܠܵܗ݁ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܐܲܟ̣ܘܵܬܲܝܗܝ، ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ ܘܠܵܐ ܒܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ (ܘܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܐ ܛܵܠܹܒ ܠܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ)، ܩܵܐ ܡܵܘܕܝܼ ܠܵܐ ܢܵܦܠܸܚ ܒܵܬܪܲܝܗܝ ܘܢܵܣܟܸܚ ܠܟܠܲܝܗܝ ܐܲܢܲܝ ܗܘܼܓܵܝܲܗ̈ܝ ܢܘܼܟ̣ܪ̈ܵܝܹܐ ܕܝܼܘܹܝܚ ܡܸܚܝܹ̈ܐ ܣܸܪܛܵܐ ܠܬܚܘܿܬܲܝܗܝ ܒܨܘܼܪܬܵܐ ܕ.’ܐ’ ܘܨܘܼܪܬܵܐ ܕ’ܒ’.
ܨ. (ܐ) ܟܬܵܒ̣ܵܐ ܩܲܕܝܼܫܵܐ ܛܲܒ̣ܥܵܐ ܕܐܘܼܪܡܝܼ ܕܲܫܢܲܬ 1846
ܣܪܝܼܛܬܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܲܠܩܘܿܫ ܡ̣ܢ ܒܹܝܬ ܐܲܪ̈ܟܹܐ ܒܪܝܼܛܵܢܵܝܬܵܐ (ܣܵܟ̣ܘܿ or 9321)
ܡܵܘܕܝܼ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܐ݇ܡܵܪܵܐ ܣܵܝܘܿܡܲܝ̈ܢ ܒܲܣܝܵܡܲܝܗ̈ܝ ܬܘܼܪܵܨ ܡܲܡܠܠܵܝܹ̈ܐ؟
ܓ.ܒ. ܣܵܝܘܿܡܲܝ̈ ܬܘܼܪܵܨ ܡܲܡܠܠܵܐ ܕܣܘܪܹܝܬ، ܦܪܝܼܫܵܐܝܼܬ ܐܵܢܝܼ ܩܲܕܡܵܝܹ̈ܐ، ܡܗܲܓܝܼ ܠܵܗ݁ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ ‐ ܩܛܸܠܔ ܠܝܼ ܐܵܘ ܫܢܝܼܙܵܐܝܼܬ ܩܛܸܠܝܼ ‐ ({Stoddard, 2004 p.36; ܡܘܼܫܹܐ, 1912 ܦ.31})، ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܣܵܝܘܿܡܹ̈ܐ ܕܒܵܬܪܲܝܗܝ ܡܬܲܪܘܿܨܹܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܠܐܵܗܵܐ ܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ ܠܔ’ܩܛܝܼܠܔ ܠܝܼ’ Maclean, 2003 p.83)99) ܐܵܘ ܐ݇ܚܪܹ̈ܢܹܐ ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܢܝܼܚ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܵܐ ܕܡܵܪܝ ܬܐܘܿܡܵܐ ܐܘܿܕܘܿ ܗ݁ܘ ܕܲܢܛܵܪܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܠܐܵܗܵܐ ܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܝܵܐ ܟܲܕ ܡܲܘܕܘܿܝܹܐ ܕܫܸܪܫܵܐܝܼܬ ܘܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܐܝܼܬ ܘܵܠܹܐ ܕܗܘܼܓܵܝܲܢ ܗܵܘܹܐ ’ܩܛܝܼܠܔ ܠܝܼ’ ܘܠܵܐ ’ܩܛܸܠܔ ܠܝܼ’ ({ܐܘܿܕܘܿ, 1911 ܦ.116}). ܘܛܘܼܒ̣ܬܵܢܘܼܬܹܗ ܕܡܵܪܝ ܬܐܘܿܡܵܐ ܐܘܿܕܘܿ ܡܲܢܗܘܿܪܹܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁: ”ܘܒܘܿܬ ܦܫܝܼܛܘܼܬܵܐ، ܗ݁ܝ ܝܘܿܕ ܒܸܟܬܝܼܒ̣ܬܵܐ ܘܒܪܸܬܡܵܐ ܟܹܐ ܛܲܠܩܲܚܠܵܗ݁ ܘܟܹܐ ܬܲܢܲܚ: ܩܛܸܠܝܼ، ܩܸܡܠܝܼ، ܗܘܹܠܝܼ ܘܫܪ. ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܛܘܼܪ̈ܵܝܹܐ ܒܗܲܡܙܲܡܬܵܝ ܨܦܵܝܝܼ ܟܹܐ ܦܲܠܛܝܼܠܵܗ݁ ܗ݁ܝ ܝܘܿܕ ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܒܢܲܝ̈ ܡܵܘܵܢܵܐ ܘܒܢܲܝ̈ ܡܵܪܝ ܒܝܼܫܘܿܥ ܘܫܲܪܟܵܐ ܕܥܵܡܪ̈ܲܝ ܛܘܼܪܹ̈ܐ.”100
ܓ.ܓ. ܐܲܠܨܵܝܬܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܠܡܲܕܟ̣ܘܿܪܹܐ: ܟܠܲܝܗܝ ܐܲܢܲܝ ܣܵܝܘܿܡܹ̈ܐ ܡܦܲܠܛܝܼ ܠܵܗ݁ ܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ ܠܦܲܐܬܵܐ ܒܣܘܼܪܥܵܦ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܩܲܕܡܵܐ (ܩܛܝܼܠܔ ܗܘܵܐ ܠܝܼ) ܘܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܪܲܚܝܼܩܵܐ (ܩܛܝܼܠܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܢ ܗܘܵܐ). ܘܠܲܐܟ̣ܵܐ ܫܘܼܐܵܠܵܐ ܕܲܢܕܵܝܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܠܓܵܘ ܗܵܘܢܵܐ ܡܒܲܚܢܵܢܵܐ101 ܕܚܲܕ ܒܵܨܘܿܝܵܐ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ: ܐܵܪܵܐ ܐܸܢ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܡܗܲܓܹܝܚ ܠܵܗ݁ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ (ܩܛܸܠܔ ܠܝܼ ܐܵܘ ܫܢܝܼܙܵܐܝܼܬ ܩܛܸܠܝܼ) ܕܥܵܛܦܵܐ ܩܵܠܣܘܿܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܠܸܥܙܵܐ ܐܘܼܪܡܝܼܵܝܵܐ102 (ܗ݁ܘ ܕܙܵܘܥܹܗ ܐܲܪܝܼܟ̣ܵܐ ܟܵܪܹܐ ܒܲܫܩܵܠܵܐ ܣܟ̣ܝܼܪܵܐ) ܘܢܵܛܪܸܚ ܠܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ ܒܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܪܲܚܝܼܩܵܐ (ܩܛܝܼܠܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܢ ܗܘܵܐ) ܒܗ݁ܝ ܕܲܢܦܵܠܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܒܲܫܩܵܠܵܐ ܦܬܝܼܚܵܐ:103 ܩܵܐ ܡܵܘܕܝܼ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܢܛܵܪܵܐ ܠܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ ܒܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܩܲܕܡܵܐ (ܩܛܝܼܠܔ ܗܘܵܐ ܠܝܼ) ܠܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܠܲܐܟ̣ܵܐ ܙܵܘܥܵܐ ܐܲܪܝܼܟ̣ܵܐ ܢܦܵܠܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܒܲܫܩܵܠܵܐ ܣܟ̣ܝܼܪܵܐ ܘܘܵܠܹܐ ܕܟܵܪܹܐ، ܐܸܢ ܒܵܥܹܝܚ ܕܗܘܼܓܵܝܲܢ ܥܵܛܹܦ ܠܪܸܬܡܵܐ! ܐܵܪܵܐ ܐܝܼܬ ܡܠܝܼܠܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܟܵܬܒܸܚ ܠܵܗ݁ ’ܩܛܸܠܔ ܠܝܼ’ ܒܚܲܕ ܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܘܲ’ܩܛܝܼܠܔ ܗܘܵܐ ܠܝܼ’ ܒܚܲܕ ܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܐ݇ܚܪܹܢܵܐ؟
ܓ.ܕ. ܥܲܡ ܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܡܠܲܫܢܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪ̈ܵܝܹܐ ܘܕܝܼܠܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ ܐܵܢܝܼ ܣܦܝܼܪܹ̈ܐ ܒܠܸܫܵܢܲܝ̈ܢ ‐ ܐܸܢ ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܘܐܸܢ ܠܸܫܵܢ ܓܘܼܫܡܵܐ ‐ ܘܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܐ݇ܚܪܹ̈ܢܹܐ، ܡܢܘܿܣܹܐ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܕܲܡܟܲܝܠܝܼ104 ܠܬܘܼܪܵܨ ܡܲܡܠܠܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ (ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܡܲܠܦܵܢܲܝ̈ܢ ܪ̈ܲܒܹܐ {ܣܝܼܡܘܿܢܘܿ ܥܲܡ ܒܸܢܝܵܡܹܝܢ, 1992; ܣܝܼܡܘܿܢܘܿ, 1996; ܒܹܝܬ‐ܙܲܝܥܵܐ, 2007; ܣܝܼܡܘܿܢܘܿ, 1974}، ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐܝܼܬ!). ܐܸܢ ܚܲܕ ܒܵܨܘܿܝܵܐ ܡܲܨܕܸܕ ܚܵܘܪܹܗ105 ܥܠܔ ܚܒ̣ܝܼܫܵܬ̈ ܣܝܵܡܹ̈ܐ ܥܗܝܼܕܹ̈ܐ، ܐܵܦ ܐܸܢ ܒܲܡܫܵܚܵܐ ܩܲܠܘܼܠܵܐ،106 ܒܸܕ ܦܵܪܹܫ ܕܐܝܼܬ ܛܘܼܠܵܦܣܵܪܘܼܬܵܐ107 ܒܐܸܣܟܹܝܡܵܐ ܕܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ. ܡܲܬܠܵܐ: ܡܲܠܦܵܢܵܐ ܢܸܡܪܘܿܕ ܣܝܼܡܘܿܢܘܿ ({ܣܝܼܡܘܿܢܘܿ, 1974 ܦ.5ܐ}) ܡܗܲܓܘܿܝܹܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܠܲܓܕܵܡܵܐ ܕܡܸܠܲܬܫܡܵܐ ܚܵܫܘܿܫܬܵܐ ܒܲܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ (ܒܣܝܼܡ) ܘܲܐ݇ܡܵܪܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܕܗ݁ܝ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܟܲܕ ܗ݁ܝ ܕܲܦܝܵܫܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܡܘܿܦܠܸܚܬܵܐ ܒܣܘܼܪܥܵܦܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ (ܗ݁ܘ ܐ݇ܚܲܪܵܝܵܐ ܦ.29 ܘܐܵܦ ܦ.32). ܚܲܪܬܵܐ ܬܟ̣ܵܠܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܥܲܠܔ ܬܘܼܪܵܨ ܡܲܡܠܠܵܐ ܕܡܵܪܝ ܬܐܘܿܡܵܐ ܐܘܿܕܘܿ (ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܕܲܕܟ̣ܝܼܪ ܠܥܸܠܔ) ܘܐ݇ܡܵܪܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ (ܗ݁ܘ ܐ݇ܚܲܪܵܝܵܐ ܦ.33) ܕܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܕܝܼܠܵܗ݁ ܓܕܵܡܵܐ ܕܡܸܠܲܬܫܡܵܐ ܚܵܫܘܿܫܬܵܐ ܐܵܬܹܐ ܥܲܠܵܗ݁ ܚܲܕ ܓܕܵܡܵܐ ܐ݇ܚܪܹܢܵܐ، ܐܵܘܟܹܝܬ: ’ܩܛܝܼܠܔ ܠܝܼ’ ܠܔ’ܩܛܸܠܔ ܠܝܼ’. ܘܡܸܢ݇ܕܪܹܫ݇ ܐܵܡܹܪ ܕܐܵܗܵܐ ܓܕܵܡܵܐ ܬܪܲܝܵܢܵܐ ܡܫܘܿܪܸܪܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܒܗ݁ܝ ܕܲܫܟܝܼܚܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܒܬܘܼܪܵܨ ܡܲܡܠܠܵܐ ܕܡܵܪܝ ܬܐܘܿܡܵܐ ܐܘܿܕܘܿ. ܘܲܒܗ݁ܝ ܟܲܕ ܗ݁ܝ ܦܲܐܬܵܐ ܐܵܡܹܪ: ”ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܠܲܝܬ ܟܸܠܝܵܢܵܐ ܕܡܲܦܠܸܚܸܬ ܗܲܡܵܫܵܐ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ ܐܚܵܪܵܝܵܐ [ܩܛܝܼܠܔ ܠܝܼ].” ܛܘܼܒ̣ܵܐ ܕܐܵܡܹܪ ܗܘܵܐ ܠܲܢ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܲܝܟܵܐ ܐ݇ܬܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܓܕܵܡܵܐ ܬܪܲܝܵܢܵܐ، ܐܵܪܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܗ݁ܘ ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܡܵܪܝ ܬܐܘܿܡܵܐ ܐܘܿܕܘܿ ܢܦܵܠܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܪܸܬܡܵܐ؟ ܘܐܸܢ ܕܐܵܦ ܗ݁ܘ ܢܦܵܠܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܪܸܬܡܵܐ، ܐܵܪܵܐ ܕܵܐܟ̣ܝܼ ܒܸܕ ܫܵܪܹܝܚ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܠܛܘܼܠܵܦܣܵܪ̈ܘܵܬܵܐ ܕܲܕܟ̣ܝܼܪܝܼ ܠܲܢ ܒ’ܓ.ܓ.’
ܐܸܢ ܗܵܕܟ̣ܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܟܬܵܒ̣ܵܐ ܪܵܒܝܼ ܢܸܡܪܘܿܕ ܣܝܼܡܘܿܢܘܿ، ܡܵܘܕܝܼ ܒܘܿܕ ܪܵܒܝܼ ܙܲܝܥܵܐ ܒܹܝܬ‐ܙܲܝܥܵܐ؟108 ܪܵܒܝܼ ܙܲܝܥܵܐ ܒܹܝܬ ܙܲܝܥܵܐ ({ܒܹܝܬ‐ܙܲܝܥܵܐ, 2007 ܦ.90}) ܠܵܐ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕ ܡܗܲܓܘܿܝܹܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܠܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܒܲܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ ܟܠܔ ܟܠܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ ܘܠܵܐ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ، ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܬܚܘܿܬ ܥܸܠܵܘܲܝ ܕܙܘܼܗܵܪܵܐ ܡܲܙܗܘܿܪܲܢ ܝܼܠܹܗ:
ܒܢܲܝ̈ ܐܲܬܪܵܐ ܕܐܘܼܪܡܝܼ ܘܣܲܠܵܡܵܣ: ܗ݁ܝ ܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܝܼܨܬܵܐ ܕܫܸܡܵܐ ܚܵܫܘܿܫܵܐ ܓܕܝܼܡܵܐ ܕܡܸܠܬܵܐ: ܒܸܟܝܘܿܠܵܐ ܦܵܥܹܠܔ: ܒܠܝܼܥܘܼܗ݁ ܝܢܵܐ ܒܪܸܬܡܵܐ ܘܒܸܟܬܝܼܒ̣ܬܵܐ ܗܵܕܟ̣ܵܐ: ܡ̣ܢ ܓܹܒܵܐ ܕܬܲܢܝܼ ܘܟܵܬܒ̣ܝܼ: ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܕܒܸܛܠܵܒܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܐ: ܩܝܼܡ ܠܝܼ، ܦܪܝܼܩ ܠܘܼܟ̣: ܟܹܐ ܬܲܢܝܼ ܘܟܹܐ ܟܵܬܒ̣ܝܼ: ܩܸܡܠܝܼ، ܦܪܸܩܠܘܼܟ̣.
ܐܵܦ ܡܢܲܚܵܐ ܕܪܵܒܝܼ ܝܘܿܐܵܒ̣ ܒܹܝܬ ܒܸܢܝܵܡܹܝܢ، ܕܠܵܐ ܒܵܨܹܪ ܒܝܘܼܠܦܵܢܹܗ ܘܣܵܦܩܘܼܬܹܗ ܡ̣ܢ ܪܵܒܝܼ ܢܸܡܪܘܿܕ ܣܝܼܡܘܿܢܘܿ ܘܪܵܒܝܼ ܙܲܝܥܵܐ ܒܹܝܬ‐ܙܲܝܥܵܐ، ܡܲܙܗܘܿܪܲܢ ܝܼܠܹܗ ܕܲܠܩܘܿܒ̣ܠܔ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܝܵܐ ܕܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ ܘܲܛܠܵܒܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܡ̣ܢ ܣܵܦܪ̈ܲܝܢ ܘܣܵܦܪ̈ܵܬܲܢ ܕܲܡܗܲܓܝܼ ܠܵܗ݁ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܒܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܒܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ (ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܕܲܕܟ̣ܝܼܪ ܒܡܲܥܲܠܬܵܐ ܕܗܵܕܹܐ ܡܹܐܡܲܪܬܲܢ). ܘܗܵܕܟ̣ܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܡܲܠܦܵܢܵܐ ܙܘܿܡܵܝܵܐ ܣܘܿܠܘܿܡܘܿܢ، ܕܲܝܕܝܼܥܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܒܐܲܪܝܼܟ̣ܘܼܬ ܕܪܵܥܹܗ ܒܬܸܪܘܲܝܗܝ ܠܸܫܵܢܲܝ̈ܢ (ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܘܠܸܫܵܢ ܓܘܼܫܡܵܐ) ܘܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܫܹܝܡܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܓܵܘܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ، ܡܲܚܫܘܿܚܹܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܕܢܵܛܪܸܚ ܠܵܗ݁ ܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ ܒܣܘܼܪܥܵܦܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ({Solomon, 1995 p.62a}).
ܩܵܐ ܡܵܘܕܝܼ ܠܵܐ ܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ: ܪ̈ܥܝܵܢܹܐ ܡܲܟܝܼܟܹ̈ܐ ܕܣܵܝܘܿܡܵܐ ܕܗܵܕ ܡܹܐܡܲܪܬܵܐ
ܕ.ܐ. ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܕܲܡܒܲܩܘܿܪܹܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܪܵܒܝܼ ܝܘܿܐܵܒ̣ ܒܹܝܬ ܒܸܢܝܵܡܹܝܢ: ܐܸܢ ܟܵܬܒܸܬ ܠܹܗ ܓܕܵܡܵܐ ܕܡܸܠܲܬܫܡܵܐ ܚܵܫܘܿܫܬܵܐ (ܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ) ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ ܩܵܐ ܡܵܘܕܝܼ ܠܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܬ ܢܛܵܪܵܐ ܠܐܵܗܵܐ ܐܸܣܟܹܝܡܵܐ ܒܙܲܒ̣ܢܹ̈ܐ ܐ݇ܚܪܹ̈ܢܹܐ ܕܡܸܠܬܵܐ ({ܕܒܹܝܬ‐ܒܸܢܝܵܡܹܝܢ, 2002})؛ ܐܵܦ ܐܲܚܢܲܢ ܡܒܲܩܘܿܪܹܐ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܠܗ݁ܘ ܟܲܕ ܗ݁ܘ ܫܘܼܐܵܠܵܐ ‐ ܡ̣ܢ ܣܵܦܪ̈ܲܝܢ ܕܲܣܡܵܟ̣ܵܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܠܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܝܵܐ ܕ’ܩܛܸܠܔ ܠܝܼ’ ‐ ܘܡܲܪܘܘܿܚܹܗ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܫܘܼܐܵܠܹܗ ܘܲܚܒ̣ܵܫܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܒܹܗ ܠܫܘܼܐܵܠܘܿܢܹ̈ܐ ܐ݇ܚܪܹ̈ܢܹܐ:
ܐ. ܐܸܢ ܟܬܝܼܒ̣ ܠܘܼܟ̣ ܠܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܥܸܩܪܵܐ ܫܲܠܡܵܐ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ (ܩܛܸܠܔ ܠܝܼ) ܩܵܐ ܡܵܘܕܝܼ ܝܘܹܝܬ ܠܵܐ ܢܛܵܪܵܐ ܠܐܵܗܵܐ ܐܸܣܟܹܝܡܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܒܡܸܠܹ̈ܐ ܟܪ̈ܝܼܗܵܬ ܡܸܨ̈ܥܵܝܵܬܵܐ ܗ.ܕ. ܡܸܠܹ̈ܐ ܕ’ܥܐ’، ܐܵܘܟܹܝܬ ܩܵܐ ܡܵܘܕܝܼ ܝܘܹܝܬ ܟܬܵܒ̣ܵܐ ’ܩܝܼܡ ܠܝܼ’ ܘ’ܦܝܼܫ ܠܝܼ’؛ ’ܩܝܼܡܵܐ’ ܘ’ܦܝܼܫܵܐ’ ܘܠܵܐ ’ܩܸܡ ܠܝܼ’ ܘܦܸܫ ܠܝܼ’؛ ’ܩܸܡܵܐ’ ܘ’ܦܸܫܵܐ’؟ ܙܗܘܿܪܝ/ܙܗܘܿܪܝ ܕܐܵܦ ܪܵܒܝܼ ܢܸܡܪܘܿܕ ܣܝܼܡܘܿܢܘܿ ܠܵܐ ܡܗܲܓܹܐ ܠܲܟܪܝܼܗܲܬ ܡܸܨܥܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ، ܘܐܵܡܹܪ ܕܘܵܠܹܐ ܕܗܵܘܝܵܐ ’ܩܝܼܡ’ ܘ’ܦܝܼܫ’ ܡܸܛܠܔ ܕܫܸܪܫܵܗ݁ ܕܲܟܪܝܼܗܲܬ ܡܸܨܥܵܝܬܵܐ ܝܼܠܹܗ: ’ܩܝܝܼܡ’ ܘ’ܦܝܝܼܫ’ ܣܕܝܼܪܵܐܝܼܬ109 ({ܣܝܼܡܘܿܢܘܿ, 1974 ܦ.60}). ܘܡܵܘܕܝܼ ܒܘܿܕ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܲܟܪܝܼܗܲܬ ܫܘܼܠܵܡܵܐ ܗ.ܕ. ’ܠܐ’، ܐܵܪܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܗܵܕܹܐ ܒܸܕ ܟܵܬܒܸܬ ܠܵܗ݁ ’ܐ݇ܬܸܐ ܠܹܗ’ ܘܠܵܐ ’ܐ݇ܬܹܐ ܠܹܗ’؛ ܘܐܸܢ ܠܵܐ، ܩܵܐ ܡܵܘܕܝܼ ܠܵܐ؟
ܒ. ܐܸܢ ܟܬܝܼܒ̣ ܠܘܼܟ̣ ܠܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܥܸܩܪܵܐ ܫܲܠܡܵܐ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ (ܩܛܸܠܔ ܠܝܼ)، ܐܵܪܵܐ ܕܵܐܟ̣ܝܼ ܒܸܕ ܟܵܬܒܸܬ ܠܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܠܵܐ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܫܘܼܡܠܵܝܵܐ ܚܠܵܦܫܡܵܗܵܝܵܐ ܗ.ܕ. ’ܩܛܝܼܠܝܼ ܠܝܼ’. ܐܵܪܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܠܲܐܟ̣ܵܐ ܒܸܕ ܡܫܲܚܠܸܦܸܬ ܠܵܗ݁ ܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ ܠܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ ܥܲܠܔ ܐܸܣܟܹܝܡܵܐ ܕ’ܩܛܸܠܝܼ ܠܝܼ’؟ ܠܵܐ ܢܵܫܹܝܬ ܐܘܿ ܣܵܦܪܲܢ ܘܲܡܠܲܫܢܵܢܲܢ ܝܲܩܝܼܪܵܐ ܕܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ ܒܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܡܲܕܢܚܵܝܵܐ110 ܡܥܲܦܸܦ111 ܠܐܵܬܘܿܬܵܐ ܕܢܵܩܦܵܐ ܠܹܗ ܐܸܢ ܗ݁ܝ ܗܵܘܝܵܐ ܡܙܝܼܥܵܢܝܼܬܵܐ. ܒܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܐ݇ܚܪܹܬܵܐ،112 ܐܸܢ ܟܬܝܼܒ̣ܵܐ ܠܘܼܟ̣ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ، ܗܵܕܟ̣ܵܐ ܘܵܠܹܐ ܕܗܵܘܹܐ ܥܘܼܪܬܵܬ̣ܵܗ݁:113 qṭǝ́lli-li ܘܐܲܚܢܲܢ ܚܫܵܒ̣ܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܕܠܲܝܬ ܠܲܢ ܠܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܚܲܕ ܠܸܥܙܵܐ ܕܪܵܬܹܡ ܠܵܗ݁ ܗܵܕܹܐ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܕܲܡܥܘܿܪܬܸܬܵܐ ܠܲܢ ܠܥܸܠܔ.
ܓ. ܐܸܢ ܟܬܝܼܒ̣ ܠܘܼܟ̣ ܠܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܥܸܩܪܵܐ ܫܲܠܡܵܐ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ (ܩܛܸܠܔ ܠܝܼ)، ܕܥܵܛܦܵܐ ܠܩܵܠܣܘܼܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܚܲܕܟܡܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܠܸܥܙܲܝ̈ܢ، ܩܵܐ ܡܵܘܕܝܼ ܠܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܬ ܟܬܵܒ̣ܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܠܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܩܵܐܹܡ ܥܝܵܕܵܐ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ ’ܩܵܛܸܠܔ ܠܝܼ’؟ ܘܩܵܐ ܡܵܘܕܝܼ ܠܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܬ ܟܬܵܒ̣ܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܠܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܐܝܼܬܘܼܬܵܐ ’ܐܝܼܬ’ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ ’ܐܸܬ’؛ ܒܗ݁ܝ ܕܐܵܦ ܠܲܐܟ̣ܵܐ ܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ ܢܦܵܠܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܒܚܲܕ ܫܩܵܠܵܐ ܣܟ̣ܝܼܪܵܐ؟!
ܕ.ܒ. ܕܵܥܪܸܚ ܡܸܢ݇ܕܪܹܫ݇ ܥܲܠܔ ܪܸܥܝܵܢܵܐ ܕܲܪܘܝܼܚܘܼܬ ܡܲܦܠܲܚܬܵܐ ܕܐܵܡܹܪ: ܣܘܼܓ̣ܐܵܐ ܕܣܵܦܪ̈ܲܝܢ، ܘܕܝܼܠܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ ܐܵܢܝܼ ܪ̈ܲܕܝܹܐ، ܟܵܬܒ̣ܝܼ ܠܵܗ݁ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܒܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ. ܠܲܐܟ̣ܵܐ ܒܵܥܹܝܚ ܕܲܡܒܲܩܪܸܚ، ܐܵܪܵܐ ܦܫܵܟ̣ܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܒܪܲܕܝܘܼܬ̣ ܣܵܦܪ̈ܲܝܢ ܛܲܪ̈ܩܹܐ ܘܥܵܡܘܿܕܲܝ̈ܢ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܡܢܵܚܹ̈ܐ ܪܵܒܝܼ ܙܲܝܥܵܐ ܒܹܝܬ‐ܙܲܝܥܵܐ ܘܪܵܒܝܼ ܝܘܿܐܵܒ̣ ܕܵܘܝܼܕ ܕܒܹܝܬ ܒܸܢܝܵܡܹܝܢ، ܐܵܢܝܼ ܕܲܡܗܲܓܝܼ ܠܵܗ݁ ܗܵܕ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܒܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ ܘܝܵܗܒ̣ܝܼ ܠܲܢ ܥܸܠ̈ܠܵܬܵܐ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܝܵܬܵܐ ܘܐܲܒ̣ܵܗܵܝܵܬܵܐ ܠܫܘܼܪܵܪܵܐ ܕܗܘܼܓܵܝܲܝܗܝ؟! ܘܐܸܢ ܐܝܼܬ ܦܘܼܫܵܟ̣ܵܐ ܒܪܲܕܝܼܘܼܬ ܡܲܠܦܵܢܲܝ̈ܢ ܥܗܝܼܕܹ̈ܐ، ܡܵܘܕܝܼ ܒܘܿܕ ܣܵܦܩܘܼܬܵܐ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܡܲܠܦܵܢܲܢ ܪܲܒܵܐ، ܢܝܼܚ ܢܲܦ̮ܫܵܐ ܕܩܲܫܝܼܫܵܐ ܝܵܘܣܸܦ ܕܒܹܝܬ ܩܸܠܵܝܬܵܐ؟ ܗ݁ܘ ܕܗܵܟ̣ܵܐ ܟܵܬܹܒ̣ ܥܲܠܹܗ ܩܲܫܝܼܫܵܐ ܫܡܘܼܐܹܝܠܔ ܕܸܢܚܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܟܬܵܒܹܗ ܕ’ܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܵܐ ܦܵܣܝܼܩܬܵܐ ܕܣܸܦܪܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܬܵܐ ܚܲܕܬܵܐ ({ܕܸܢܚܵܐ, 1991 ܦ.186}):
ܚܕܵܢܲܝ ܙܲܒ̣ܢܹܗ ܗ݇ܘܵܐ ܒܹܝܠܔ ܩܲܫܝܼܫܹ̈ܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܕܡܲܕܢܚܵܐ. ܡܫܲܡܗܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܩܲܫܝܼܫܵܐ ܝܵܘܣܸܦ ܕܩܸܠܵܝܬܵܐ ܠܹܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܐ݇ܬܝܼܬܵܐ ܐܲܚܟ̰ܝܼ ܡ̣ܢ ܥܸܠܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܝܘܼܠܦܵܢܹܗ ܘܡܲܦܪܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܟܬܵܒܹ̈ܐ، ܐܸܠܵܐ ܒܘܼܫ ܙܵܘܕܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܲܕܪܲܫܬܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܫܘܼܬܐܸܣܵܠܹܗ ܘܡܘܼܪܚܸܛܵܠܹܗ ܠܵܩܵܕ݇ܡܵܐ ܒܣܪܵܒ̣ܬܵܐ ܕܓܵܢܵܐ ܩܵܐ ܪܵܒܵܐ ܫܸܢܹ̈ܐ، ܘܒܡܸܨܥܵܢܘܼܬܘܿܗ݁114 ܟ̰ܘܼܟܒܸܢܹܗ ܠܥܠܲܝܡܹ̈ܐ ܕܐܘܼܡܬܲܢ ܒܝܘܼܠܦܵܢܵܐ ܥܸܠܵܝܵܐ ܒܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ ܣܘܵܕܵܝܵܐ ܘܣܸܦܪܵܝܵܐ ܘܐܸܢܓܠܸܣܵܝܵܐ ܘܥܵܪܵܒܵܝܵܐ. ܘܗܵܕܟ̣ܵܐ ܦܠܸܛܠܘܿܢ ܡܸܢܘܿܗ݁ ܢܲܗܝܼܪܹ̈ܐ ܕܗ݇ܘܹܐ ܠܘܿܢ ܚܡܝܼܪܵܐ ܕܣܸܦܪܵܝܘܼܬܲܢ ܚܲܕܬܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܥܹܪܵܐܩ…
ܘܐܲܚܢܲܢ ܒܸܕ ܡܵܘܣܸܦܸܚ ܘܐܵܡܪܹܚ ܕܣܘܼܓ̣ܐܵܐ ܕܣܵܦܪ̈ܲܝܢ ܘܕܝܼܠܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ ܐܵܢܝܼ ܪ̈ܲܕܝܹܐ ܐܸܢ ܠܵܐ ܗܘܵܘ ܝܵܠܘܿܦܹ̈ܗ ܬܪܝܼܨܵܐܝܼܬ، ܝܵܠܘܿܦܹ̈ܗ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܒܲܚܕܵܐ ܐܘܼܪܚܵܐ ܐܵܘ ܐ݇ܚܪܹܬܵܐ. ܘܐܸܢ ܩܵܪܹܝܚ ܠܡܵܐ ܕܝܼܠܹܗ ܟܬܝܼܒܹܗ ܒܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܡܲܠܦܵܢܲܢ ܘܬܵܪܐܲܢ115 ܪܲܒܵܐ، ܒܸܕ ܚܵܙܹܝܚ ܠܹܗ ܟܬܝܼܒ̣ܵܐ ܠܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ ܒܟܠܲܝܗܝ ܡܸܠܹ̈ܐ ܒܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ (ܡܲܬܠܵܐ ܚܙܲܝ ܐܵܘ ܚܙܝܼ: {ܕܒܹܝܬ‐ܩܸܠܵܝܬܵܐ, 1927}) ܘܕܝܼܠܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ̣ ܒܬܘܼܪܵܨ ܡܲܡܠܠܹܗ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ (ܚܙܲܝ ܐܵܘ ܚܙܝܼ ܣܘܼܪܥܵܦܹܗ ܕܡܸܠܬ̣ܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܛܬܵܐ ܐܵܘܟܹܝܬ̣ ܦܲܥܸܠܔ ܒܦܲܐܬ̣ 22 {ܕܒܹܝܬ‐ܩܸܠܵܝܬܵܐ, 1924}).116
ܡܲܦܲܩܬܵܐ
ܟܲܕ ܡܛܹܐ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܫܠܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ ܡܲܥܪ̈ܒ̣ܵܝܹܐ ܥܲܠܔ ܦܸܢܝ̈ܵܬܲܢ ܠܵܐ ܒܲܠܚܘܿܕ ܦܠܝܼܓ̣ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܠܲܒܢܲܝ̈ ܐܘܼܡܬܲܢ ܥܲܠܔ ܥܹܕܵܬ̈ܵܐ ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܟܠܔ ܫܠܝܼܚܘܼܬܵܐ ܡܫܘܿܬܐܸܣ ܠܵܗ݁ ܣܦܲܪܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܝܵܬܵܗ݁ ܘܟܠܔ ܣܦܲܪܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܘܗܘܼܓܵܝܹܗ ܦܪܝܼܫܵܐ (ܚܙܲܝ ܐܵܘ ܚܙܝܼ ܥܘܼܕܵܬܵܐ ܕ{ܩܲܫܝܼܫܵܐ ܫܡܘܼܐܹܝܠܔ ܕܸܢܚܵܐ, 1991}). ܘܟܲܕ ܡܫܘܼܬܐܸܣ ܚܲܕ ܡܵܘܬܒ̣ܵܐ ܕܫܵܪܹܐ ܠܩܸܛܪܹ̈ܐ ܕܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ ܟܠܔ ܚܕܵܐ ܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܓܪܝܼܫܵܐ ܠܵܗ݁ ܝܵܬܵܗ݁ ܡܸܛܠܔ ܕܲܚܫܝܼܒ̣ ܠܵܗ݁ ܕܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܗ݁ ܝܠܹܗ ܗ݁ܘ ܬܪܝܼܨܵܐ ܘܕܲܐ݇ܚܪܹ̈ܢܹܐ ܫܢܝܼܙܵܐ. ܡܸܛܠܔ ܗܵܕܹܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܕܲܩܪܵܝܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܒܣܵܝܘܿܡܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܲܣܦܲܪܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܟܵܘܟ̣ܒ̣ܵܐ117 ܠܗܵܕ ܩܒ̣ܵܠܬܵܐ ({ܠܵܡܲܣܘܼ, 2007}):
ܪܵܒܵܐ ܐ݇ܢܵܫܹ̈ܐ ܒܵܩܘܿܪܹܐ ܝ݇ܢܵܐ: ܡܘܼܕܝܼ ܥܒ̣ܵܕܵܐ ܝ݇ܠܹܗ ܗ݁ܘ ܡܵܘܬܒ̣ܵܐ ܕܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ؟ ܓ̰ܘܼܘܵܒܲܢ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ: ܪܘܼܫܡܵܐܝܼܬ ܗܸܫ ܥܒ̣ܵܕܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܫܘܼܓܠܵܐ، ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܥܵܡܠܵܐܝܼܬ ܗܲܪ ܡ̣ܢ ܫܘܼܪܵܝܹܗ ܢܦܝܼܠܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ… ܩܵܬܘܿܠܝܼܩܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܗܲܪ ܡ̣ܢ ܫܘܼܪܵܝܵܐ ܓܵܢܵܝܗܝ ܓܪܝܼܫܵܠܲܝܗܝ، ܣܵܒܵܒ ܕܠܵܐ ܒܥܹܐ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܕܝܵܠܦܝܼ ܗ݇ܘܵܘ ܘܠܵܐ ܙܹܐ ܕܡܵܠܦܝܼ ܗ݇ܘܵܘ. ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܐܲܪ̈ܬܵܕܘܿܟܣܵܝܹܐ ܓ̰ܡܝܼܥܹܐ ܝܢܵܐ ܥܲܡܲܢ ܘܐܵܢܝܼ ܗܲܡܵܫܵܐ ܒܸܥܝܹܐ ܝܢܵܐ ܕܡܵܠܦܝܼ ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܗܸܟ̰ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܵܠܦܝܼ. ܘܐܲܚܢܲܢ ܬܪܹܝ ܐ݇ܚܹܪ̈ܢܹܐ ܗܲܡ ܒܸܥܝܹܐ ܝܘܸܚ ܕܝܵܠܦܸܚ ܘܗܲܡ ܕܡܵܠܦܸܚ. ܩܵܬܘܿܠܝܼܩܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܪܵܙܝܼ ܝ݇ܢܵܐ ܘܚܵܬܹܪܓܲܡܥ ܒܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܝܗܝ، ܒܘܼܬ ܗܵܕܵܐ ܓܪܝܼܫܵܐ ܝܢܵܐ ܠܚܲܕ݇ ܓܹܒܵܐ. ܘܐܲܪ̈ܬܵܕܘܿܟܣܵܝܹܐ ܙܹܐ ܕܒ̣ܝܼܩܹܐ ܩܘܼܝܵܐ ܒܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ ܕܟܵܢܵܢ ܡܲܟܠܵܝܢ ܘܠܹܐ ܒܵܥܝܼ ܕܫܲܚܠܸܦܝܼ ܠܹܗ. ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܐܲܚܢܲܢ ܐܵܙܵܕ ܝܼܘܸܚ ܬܲܡܵܡ. ܐܵܦܸܢ ܕܗܲܡܢܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܝܘܸܚ ܒܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ، ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܗܲܠܔ ܬܵܡܵܐ ܕܦܵܠܛܵܐ ܠܲܢ ܡܓܵܘ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܕܠܵܐ ܝܵܕܥܸܚ ܓܵܘܹܗ ܝܘܸܚ: ܘܠܵܐ ܐܘܼܚܟ̰ܵܐ ܙܹܐ ܪܵܚܩܸܚ ܡܸܢܘܼܗܝ ܕܗܵܘܸܚ ܢܘܼܟ̣ܪ̈ܵܝܹܐ ܠܐܸܣܛܘܼܟ̣ܣܹ̈ܐ ܫܲܬܐܸܣܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ.
ܡܲܚܘܘܿܝܹܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܕܝܵܘܡܵܢܵܐ ܠܲܝܬ ܦܝܵܫܵܐ ܗ݁ܘ ܦܘܼܠܵܓ̣ܵܐ ܥܹܕܬܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܒܲܝܢܵܬ ܣܵܦܪ̈ܲܝܢ ܘܲܡܠܲܫܢܵܢܲܝ̈ܢ ܘܡܵܨܹܝܚ ܕܩܵܪܒܸܚ ܠܲܚܕܵܕܹ̈ܐ ܘܫܵܪܹܝܚ ܠܲܝܗܝ، ܐܸܢ ܠܵܐ ܟܠܲܝܗܝ ܐܝܼܢܵܐ، ܣܲܓܝܼܐܘܼܬ ܩܸܛܪ̈ܲܝܢ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܘܕܝܼܠܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ ܐܵܢܝܼ ܕܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ. ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܪܓ̣ܵܫܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܚ، ܘܟܠܲܢ ܣܲܒ̣ܪܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܕܗܵܘܹܝܚ ܦܕܵܕܵܐ، ܕܟܠܔ ܟܡܵܐ ܣܵܦܪܹ̈ܐ ܡܫܘܿܬܐܸܣܹ̈ܐ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܚܕܵܐ ܡܓܲܠܬܵܐ ܠܝܵܬܲܝܗܝ ‐ ܘܲܒܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܗ݁ ܕܝܼܠܵܢܵܝܵܐ ‐ ܘܲܟܠܔ ܡܓܲܠܬܵܐ ܚܫܵܒ̣ܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܠܝܵܬܵܗ݁ ܕܝܼܠܵܗ݁ ܚܕܵܐ ܡܲܕܪܲܫܬܵܐ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܲܐ݇ܚܪܹ̈ܢܹܐ ܘܵܠܹܐ ܕܬܵܒ̣ܥܝܼ ܠܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܗ݁. ܥܲܡ ܚܒ̣ܵܠܔ ܝܲܬܝܼܪ ܡ̣ܢ ܚܲܕ ܕܵܪܵܐ ܘܐܲܝܟܲܢܵܝܘܼܬ ܠܸܫܵܢܲܢ ܗ݁ܝ ܟܲܕ ܗ݁ܝ؛ ܣܵܦܪ̈ܲܝܢ ܦܪܝܼܩ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܡ̣ܢ ܦܘܼܠܵܓ̣ܵܐ ܥܹܕܬܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܘܲܡܫܘܿܪܹܐ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܒܲܡܓܲܠܬܝܼ (ܡܲܕܪܲܫܬܝܼ) ܘܲܡܓܲܠܬܘܼܟ̣ (ܡܲܕܪܲܫܬܘܼܟ̣).
ܐܲܚܢܲܢ ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܟܵܬܘܿܒܹ̈ܐ ܕܗܵܕܹܐ ܡܹܐܡܲܪܬܵܐ ܡܢܘܿܣܹܐ ܠܲܢ، ܒܲܡ̈ܨܵܝܵܬܲܢ ܡܲܟ̈ܝܼܟ̣ܵܬܵܐ، ܕܡܲܚܘܹܝܚ ܠܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ ܬܪܝܼܨܵܐ ܕܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ. ܐܲܚܢܲܢ ܚܙܵܝܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܕܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ ܐܲܒ̣ܵܗܵܝܵܐ، ܬܪܝܼܨܵܐ ܘܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܝܵܐ ܘܵܠܹܐ ܕܗܵܘܹܐ ܒܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ ܘܠܵܐ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ. ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܡܸܢ݇ܕܪܹܫ݇ ܐܲܚܢܲܢ ܘܵܠܹܐ ܕܗܵܘܹܝܚ ܝܘܼܠܦܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܘܐܸܢ ܝܼܘܹܝܚ ܒܲܫܪܵܪܵܐ ܝܘܼܠܦܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܘܵܠܹܐ ܕܲܡܩܲܒܠܸܚ ܠܹܗ ܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ ܕܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ (ܕܲܚܫܵܒܹܗ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܥܘܼܕܝܵܝܵܐ) ܐܸܢ ܪ̈ܵܚܡܲܝܢ ܝܲܩܝܼܪܹ̈ܐ ܡܵܨܝܼ ܕܲܡܣܲܬܸܬܝܼ ܠܲܢ ܕܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ ܝܼܠܹܗ ܐܲܒ̣ܵܗܵܝܵܐ، ܬܪܝܼܨܵܐ ܘܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܝܵܐ ܘܠܵܐ ܗ݁ܘ ܕܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ. ܐܲܚܢܲܢ ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܟܵܬܘܿܒܹ̈ܐ ܕܗܵܕ ܡܹܐܡܲܪܬܵܐ ܠܲܝܬ ܠܘܵܬܲܢ ܥܹܕܬܝܼ ܘܥܹܕܬܘܼܟ̣، ܡܓܲܠܬܝܼ ܘܲܡܓܲܠܬܘܼܟ̣ ܘܠܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܡܲܕܪܲܫܬܝܼ ܘܡܲܕܪܲܫܬܘܼܟ̣، ܘܠܵܐ ܪܸܥܝܵܢܝܼ ܘܪܸܥܝܵܢܘܼܟ̣. ܐܲܚܢܲܢ ܢܝܼܫܲܢ ܩܲܕܡܵܝܵܐ ܘܐ݇ܚܲܪܵܝܵܐ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܘܠܸܫܵܢܲܢ ܚܲܕ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܣܵܦܪܵܝܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ: ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ ܕܵܪܵܝܵܐ ܐܵܘܟܹܝܬ ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ؛ ܗ݁ܘ ܕܡܲܚܝܘܿܝܹܗ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܘܡܲܚܝܘܿܝܲܢ ܝܼܠܹܗ.
ܩܵܐ ܚܘܼܬܵܡܵܐ ܒܥܵܝܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܕܙܵܡܢܸܚ ܠܟܠܲܝܗܝ ܣܵܦܪ̈ܲܝܢ ܘܡܲܨܚܵܢܲܝ̈ ܡܓܲܠܹ̈ܐ، ܘܐܲܚܢܲܢ ܥܲܡܲܝܗܝ، ܕܥܲܡ ܚܕܵܕܹ̈ܐ ܫܵܩܠܸܚ ܛܘܼܦ̮ܣܵܐ ܘܝܵܠܦܸܚ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܲܨܚܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܟܲܫܝܼܪܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܡܓܲܠܬܵܐ ܕܓܸܠܓܵܡܸܫ؛118 ܗ݁ܝ ܡܓܲܠܬܲܢ ܝܲܩܝܼܪܬܵܐ ܕܦܵܪܣܵܐ ܗܘܵܬ ܒܛܲܗܪܵܢ. ܐܵܢܝܼ ܕܲܒܡܸܢܝܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܩܲܕܡܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܡܓܲܠܬܵܐ ܡܗܲܓܝܼ ܗܘܵܘ ܠܵܗ݁ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܩܵܐܹܡ ܥܝܵܕܵܝܵܐ ܒܲܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܩܵܐ (ܩܵܛܸܠܔ: ܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ ܠܵܐ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܝܵܐ) ܚܠܵܦ ܙܠܵܡܵܐ ܩܲܫܝܵܐ (ܩܵܛܹܠܔ: ܗܘܼܓܵܝܵܐ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܝܵܐ)، ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܚܲܪܬܵܐ ܚܙܵܝܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܕܲܡܬܲܪܘܿܨܹܐ ܝܠܲܝܗܝ ܠܗܘܼܓܵܝܲܝܗܝ ܕܕܵܒܹܩ ܥܲܡ ܩܵܢܘܿܢܵܐ (ܐܵܘܟܹܝܬ ܩܵܛܹܠܔ). ܐܸܢ ܐܲܢܲܝ ܓܲܢ݇ܒܵܪܹ̈ܐ ܕܠܸܫܵܢܲܢ ܘܣܵܦܪܘܼܬܹܗ ܡܨܹܐ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܕܫܵܩܠܝܼ ܚܕܵܐ ܦܵܣܘܿܥܬܵܐ ܘܲܡܬܲܪܨܝܼ ܠܗܘܼܓܵܝܲܝܗܝ، ܩܵܐ ܡܵܘܕܝܼ ܠܵܐ ܡܵܨܹܝܚ ܐܵܦ ܐܲܚܢܲܢ ܪܵܝܡܸܚ ܩܲܠܝܼܠܔ ܠܫܲܘܝܘܼܬܲܝܗܝ ܘܲܡܬܲܪܨܸܚ ܠܗܘܼܓܵܝܲܢ ܕܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܙܲܒ̣ܢܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ (ܡ̣ܢ ܩܛܸܠܔ ܠܲܩܛܝܼܠܔ).
ܡܲܒܘܥܹ̈ܐ ܒܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ
– ܐܘܿܕܘܿ, ܬܐܘܿܡܵܐ (1911), ܓܪܵܡܲܛܝܼܩܝܼ ܕܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܣܘܵܕܵܝܵܐ, (ܐܘܼܪܡܝܼ: ܡܲܛܒܲܥܬܵܐ ܕܠܵܥܵܙܲܪ̈ܵܝܹܐ).
– ܐܘܿܕܘܿ, ܡܵܪܝ ܬܐܘܿܡܵܐ (1979), ܣܝܼܡܬ̣ܵܐ ܕܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܣܘܼܪܝܵܝܵܐ, (ܣܬܘܿܟܗܘܿܠܸܡ: ܚܘܼܝܵܕ̣ܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ ܕܲܣܘܝܼܕܸܢ).
– ܐܵܫܝܼܬ̣ܵܐ, ܥܲܒ̣ܕܝܼܫܘܿܥ ܡܲܠܟܘܿ ܥܲܡ ܣܘܼܣܵܢ ܝܵܘܣܸܦ ܩܲܨܪܵܝܬܵܐ (2000), ܡܸܠܬ̣ܵܐ ܒܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܐܵܬ̣ܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ, (ܒܵܓ̣ܕܵܕ: ܐܲܠܡܲܓ̣ܪܸܒ݁).
– ܒܹܝܬ‐ܝܲܕܓܵ, ܐܲܒ̣ܵܐ ܒܸܢܝܵܡܝܹܢ (ܐܨ.) (2009), ܨܘܼܪܲܬ ܟܬܵܒ̣ ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܡܲܦܲܩܬܵܐ ܕܡܸܬ̣ܩܲܪܝܵܐ ܦܫܝܼܛܬܵܐ, ܬܸܦ̮ܠܝܼܣ: ܡܛܲܒ̣ܥܬܵܐ ܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܟܲܠܕܵܝܬܵܐ)
– ܒܹܝܬ‐ܙܲܝܥܵܐ, ܙܲܝܥܵܐ (2008), ܓܪܵܡܲܛܝܼܩܝܼ ܗܵܢܵܘ ܕܹܝܢ ܬܘܼܪܵܨ ܡܲܡܠܠܵܐ ܕܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܐ݇ܣܘܼܪܝܵܝܵܐ: ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܣܘܵܕܵܐ ܕܲܒܢܲܝ̈ ܐܘܼܪܡܝܼ, (ܫܝܼܟܵܓܘܿ: ܐܲܠܦ̮ܵܐ ܓܪܵܦ̮ܝܼܟ݁).
– ܕܒܹܝܬ‐ܒܸܢܝܵܡܹܝܢ, ܕܵܢܝܼܐܹܝܠܔ ܕܵܘܝܼܕ (ܐܨ.) (1992), ܣܸܦܪܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܐ݇ܣܘܼܪܵܝܬܵܐ, ܓܸܠܓܵܡܸܫ, ܐܹܝܠܔ ܣܘܿܒܪܵܢܬܹܐ: ܒܹܝܬ ܐܲܪ̈ܟܹܐ ܕܝܘܼܐܹܝܠܔ ܐܲܒ̣ܪܵܗܵܡ ܒܵܒܵܐ) ܦ.20-37.
– ܕܒܹܝܬ‐ܒܸܢܝܵܡܹܝܢ, ܝܘܿܐܵܒ̣ ܕܵܘܝܼܕ (2002), ܟܘܼܢܵܫ ܡܹܐܡܪܹ̈ܐ ܝܘܿܐܵܒ̣ ܕܵܘܝܼܕ ܕܒܹܝܬ‐ܒܸܢܝܵܡܹܝܢ, (ܫܝܼܟܵܓܘܿ: ܡܲܛܒܲܥܬܵܐ ܕܡܵܐܠܔ).
– ܕܒܹܝܬ‐ܩܸܠܵܝܬܵܐ, ܩܲܫܝܼܫܵܐ ܝܵܘܣܸܦ (1924), ܩܸܪܝܵܢܵܐ ܬܪܲܝܵܢܵܐ ܩܵܐ ܡܲܕܪ̈ܵܣܹܐ ܙܥܘܿܪܹ̈ܐ, (ܡܵܘܨܸܠܔ: ܡܲܛܒܲܥܬܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܥܲܬܝܼܩܬܵܐ ܕܡܲܕܢܚܵܐ).
– ܕܒܹܝܬ‐ܩܸܠܵܝܬܵܐ, ܩܲܫܝܼܫܵܐ ܝܵܘܣܸܦ (ܐܨ.) (1927), ܦܘܼܫܵܩ ܐ݇ܪ̈ܵܙܹܐ ܕܲܥܒ̣ܝܼܕ ܠܡܵܪܝ ܢܲܪܣܲܝ ܟܸܢܵܪܵܐ ܕܪܘܼܚܵܐ, ܡܵܘܨܸܠܔ: ܡܲܛܒܲܥܬܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܥܹܕܬܵܐ ܕܡܲܕܢܚܵܐ)
– ܕܒܹܝܬ‐ܩܸܠܵܝܬܵܐ, ܩܲܫܝܼܫܵܐ ܝܵܘܣܸܦ (1999), ܬܘܼܪܵܨ ܡܲܡܠܠܵܐ ܕܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܣܘܼܪܝܵܝܵܐ, (ܫܝܼܟܵܓܘܿ: ܒܹܝܬ ܟܬܵܒܹ̈ܐ ܕܬܘܼܟ̣ܠܵܢܵܐ).
– ܕܸܢܚܵܐ, ܩܲܫܝܼܫܵܐ ܫܡܘܼܐܹܝܠܔ (1991), ܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܵܐ ܦܵܣܝܼܩܬܵܐ ܕܣܸܦܪܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܬܵܐ ܚܲܕܬܵܐ (ܣܘܵܕܵܝܬܵܐ), (ܕ.1; ܡܝܼܦܝܼܬܲܣ: ܡܲܛܒܲܥܬܵܐ ܕܒܵܒܹܠܔ).
– ܕܸܢܚܵܐ, ܩܲܫܝܼܫܵܐ ܫܡܘܼܐܹܝܠܔ (1991), ܬܲܫܥܝܼܬܵܐ ܦܵܣܝܼܩܬܵܐ ܕܣܸܦܪܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܬܵܐ ܚܲܕܬܵܐ (ܣܘܵܕܵܝܬܵܐ), (ܕ.2; ܡܝܼܦܝܼܬܲܣ: ܡܲܛܒܲܥܬܵܐ ܕܒܵܒܹܠܔ).
– ܕܲܪܡܘܼ, ܡܵܪܝ ܬܐܘܿܡܵܐ (ed.) (1955), ܡܲܪܓܵܢܝܼܬ̣ܵܐ, ܬܪܝܼܫܘܿܪ: ܡܲܛܒܲܥܬܵܐ ܕܡܵܪܝ ܢܲܪܣܲܝ ܡܲܠܦܵܢܵܐ)
– ܝܘܿܚܲܢܵܢ, ܐܲܟܪܲܡ ܒܲܗܓܲܬ (2014), ‘ܒܘܼܨܵܝܵܐ ܥܲܠܔ ܫܸܪ̈ܫܹܐ ܕܚܲܫ̈ܚܵܬܵܐ ܣܘܼܪ̈ܝܵܝܵܬܵܐ ܒܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܕܵܪܵܝܵܐ ܒܕܸܫܬܵܐ ܕܢܝܼܢܘܹܐ’, ܣܵܦ̮ܪܘܼܬܵܐ, 5 ܦ.52-61.
– ܡܘܼܫܹܐ, ܝܘܿܚܲܢܵܢ (1912), ܦܵܣܝܼ̈ܩܵܬܵܐ ܕܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܣܘܼܪܝܵܝܵܐ ܣܘܵܕܵܝܵܐ, (ܐܘܼܪܡܝܼ: ܡܲܛܒܲܥܬܵܐ ܕܲܫܠܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ ܐܲܡܸܪ̈ܟܵܝܹܐ).
– ܠܵܡܲܣܘܼ, ܢܝܼܢܸܒ (2007), ‘ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܐܵܬ̣ܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ: ܥܘܼܬ̣ܪܵܐ ܬܲܐܪܝܼܚܵܝܵܐ ܘܥܘܼܪ̈ܩܵܠܹܐ ܕܩܵܐܹܡ ܘܓܘܼܥܠܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܡܲܟ݁ܝܼܟܹ̈ܐ’, ܡܓܲܠܬ̣ܵܐ ܕܗܸܪ̈ܓܹܐ ܐܲܟܲܕܵܡܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪ̈ܵܝܹܐ, ܕܘܼܒܵܩܵܐ.21، ܡܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ.1 ܦ26-50.
– ܣܝܼܡܘܿܢܘܿ, ܢܸܡܪܘܿܕ (1974), ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ ܣܘܵܕܵܝܵܐ ܘܦܸܪ̈ܥܘܼܗ݁, (ܛܲܗܪܵܢ: ܛܒ̣ܝܼܥ ܠܣܵܝܘܿܡܵܐ).
– ܣܝܼܡܘܿܢܘܿ, ܢܸܡܪܘܿܕ ܥܲܡ ܟܘܼܪܘܼܫ ܒܸܢܝܵܡܹܝܢ (1992), ܬܘܼܪܵܨ ܡܲܡܠܠܵܐ ܕܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ ܣܘܵܕܵܝܵܐ, (ܛܲܗܪܵܢ: ܛܒ̣ܝܼܥ ܠܣܵܝܘܿܡܵܐ).
– ܣܝܼܡܘܿܢܘܿ, ܢܸܡܪܘܿܕ (1996), ܬܘܼܪܵܣ ܡܲܡܠܠܵܐ ܕܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ ܣܘܵܕܵܝܵܐ (ܪܲܗܛܵܐ ܡܸܨܥܵܝܵܐ), (ܫܝܼܟܵܓܘܿ: ܡܲܕܪܲܫܬܵܐ ܕܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܘܡܲܪܕܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܐܵܬܘܿܪ̈ܵܝܹܐ).
ܡܲܒܘܥܹ̈ܐ ܒܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ
– داود, اقليميس يوسف (1896), اللمعة الشهية في نحو اللغة السريانية: على كلا مذهبي الغربيين والشرقيين, (موصل: مطبعة الاباء الدومنكيين).
– ريتوريه, الاب. جاك (2012), قواعد لغة السوريث أو الكلدانية العامية حسب لهجة سهل الموصل والبلدان المجاورة, (دهوك: دار المشرق الثقافي).
ܡܲܒܘܥܹ̈ܐ ܒܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܐܸܢܓܠܝܼܫܵܝܵܐ
ܘܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܐ݇ܚܪܹ̈ܢܹܐ
– Bar-Asher Siegal, Elitzur A. (2013), Introduction to the grammar of Jewish Babylonian Aramaic, 361 pages.
– Bergsträsser, Gotthelf and Peter T. Daniels (1983), Introduction to the Semitic languages: text specimens and grammatical sketches, (Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns).
– Brock, Sebastian P. and George Anton. Kiraz (2015), Gorgias Concise Syriac-English, English-Syriac Dictionary, (Piscataway: Gorgias Press).
– Dixon, Robert M.W (1979), ‘Ergativity’, Language, 55, 1 59-138.
– Doron, Edit and Geoffrey Khan (2012), ‘The Typology of Morphological Ergativity in Neo-Aramaic’, Lingua, 122, 3 225-40.
– Hoberman, Robert D (1988), ‘The History of the Modern Aramaic pronouns and pronominal suffixes’, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 104 221-31.
– Hoberman, Robert D. (1988), ‘Emphasis Harmony in a Modern Aramaic Dialect’, Language, Vol.64, No.1 pp. 1-26.
– Hopkins, Simon (1989), ‘Neo-Aramaic Dialects and the Formation of the Preterite’, Journal of Semitic Studies, XXXIV, 2 pp. 413-432.
– Jammo, Bp. Sarhad Y and Fr. Andrew Younan (2014), Introductory Chaldean, (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform).
– Jammo, Mar Sarhad Y (2014), Chaldean Grammar, (CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform).
– Jastrow, Otto (1997), ‘The Neo-Aramaic languages’, in Hetzron, Robert (ed.), The Semitic Languages (New York: Routledge), pp. 334-377.
– Khan, Geoffrey. (2002), The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Qaraqosh, (Studies in Semitic languages and linguistics ; 36; Boston, MA: Brill).
– Khan, Geoffrey (2007), ‘Remarks on the Historical Background of the Modern Assyrian Language’, Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, XXI, 1 pp. 4-11.
– Khan, Geoffrey. (2008), The Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Barwar, (3. Volumes; Leiden: Brill).
– Ladefoged, Peter. (2001), A course in phonetics, (Boston: Heinle & Heinle).
– Lipiński, Edward. (1997), Semitic languages: outline of a comparative grammar, (Orientalia Lovaniensia analecta ; 80; Leuven: Uitgeverij Peeters en Departement Oosterse Studies).
– Maclean, A. J (2003), Grammar of the Dialects of Vernacular Syriac, (NJ: Gorgias Press).
– Marsh, David (2014), For Who the Bell Tolls: The Essential and Entertaining Guide to Grammar, (Main edn., Guardian Faber Publishing) 304.
– Murre-Van den Berg, H. L. (1999), From a Spoken to a Written Language : The Introduction and Development of Literary Urmia Aramaic in the Nineteenth Century, (Leiden: Nederlands Instituut Voor Het Nabije Oosten).
– Nöldeke, Theodor and James A. Crichton (1904), Compendious Syriac Grammar, (London: Williams and Norgate).
– Noorlander, Paul M. and Donald Stilo (2015), ‘On the Convergence of Verbal System of Aramaic and its Neighbour. Part I: Present-based Paradigms’, in Khan, Geoffrey and Napiorkowska Lidia (eds.), Neo-aramaic and Its Linguistic Context (Gorgias Press), pp. 426-452.
– Lamassu, Nineb (2014), ‘Gilgamesh’s Plant of Rejuvenation and Qāṭīne’s Sīsīsāmbur’, in Geller, Mark J. (ed.), Proceedings 7 Melammu: The Ancient World in an Age of Globalization (Berlin: Edition Open Access: Max Planck Research Library for the History and Development of Knowledge).
– Lamassu, Nineb (2013), ‘Süryani Kadim’in Etnik Kimliği ve Milli Rönesansı’, in Ayvas, Emre and Altuğ Yılmaz (eds.), Mardin Tebligleri: Mardin ve Çevresi Toplumsal ve Ekonomik Tarihi Konferansı (Istanbul: Hrant Dink Vakfı Yayınları), pp. 172-182.
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– Trask, R. L. (1993), A Dictionary of Grammatical Terms in Linguistics, (London: Routledge).
ܐܝܩܪ̈ܐ
1. ܚܙܲܝ ܐܵܘ ܚܙܝܼ ܡܹܐܡܪܹܗ ܕ’ܣܸܦܪܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܐ݇ܣܘܼܪܵܝܬܵܐ’ ({ܒܹܝܬ‐ܙܲܝܥܵܐ, 1992}).
2. ܠܐܲܟ̣ܵܐ ܒܗܵܕ ܡܹܐܡܲܪܬܵܐ ܐܲܚܢܲܢ ܕܪܵܫܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܥܲܠܔ ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ݁ ܡܲܕܢܚܵܝܵܐ ܘܠܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܕܪܵܫܵܐ ܥܲܠܔ ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ݁ ܡܲܥܪܒ̣ܵܝܵܐ.
3. ܐܵܦ ܐܸܢ ܐܲܚܢܲܢ ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܣܵܝܘܿܡܹ̈ܐ ܕܗܵܕ ܡܹܐܡܲܪܬܵܐ ܒܲܫܢܲܬ ܒ݁ܙ ܟܬܝܼܒ̣ ܠܲܢ ܘܲܡܫܘܿܕܸܥ ܠܲܢ ܥܲܠܔ ܠܸܫܵܢܲܢ ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ ܪܒ̣ܝܼܥܵܝܵܐ، ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܒܝܵܘܡܵܢܵܐ ܘܡ̣ܢ ܒܵܬܲܪ ܡܘܿܪܘܸܚ ܠܲܢ ܠܝܘܼܠܦܵܢܲܢ ܒܠܸܫܵܢܲܢ ܘܲܒܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܐ݇ܚܪܹ̈ܢܹܐ، ܡܛܹܐ ܠܲܢ ܠܦܘܼܣܩܵܢܵܐ ܕܲܡܫܲܘܕܸܥܸܚ ܠܹܗ ܠܸܫܵܢܲܢ ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܕܝܼܠܹܗ ܥܝܵܕ݂ܵܐ ܒܲܝܢܲܬ ܟܠܲܝܗܝ ܒܢܲܝ̈ ܐܘܼܡܬܲܢ ܕܠܵܐ ܣܵܟ̣ ܦܘܼܪܫܵܢ ܠܸܥܙܵܐ ܘܬܵܘܕܝܼܬ̣ܵܐ؛ ܐܵܘܟܹܝܬ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ. ܘܐܲܝܵܐ ܒܲܪܬܩܵܠܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܫܸܪܫܵܗ݁ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܒܗ݁ܝ ܕܥܲܠܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܕܣܘܼܪܵܝܵܐ ܘܒܲܪܬܩܵܠܵܐ ܕܣܘܼܪܵܝܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܫܸܪܫܵܗ݁، ܚܙܲܝ ܐܵܘ ܚܙܝܼ ({Lamassu, 2014; Lamassu, 2013}).
4. North East Neo-Aramaic
5. Syntax
6. ܐܹܝܢ ܣܘܵܕܵܝܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܟܠܲܝܗܝ ܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܚܲܝܹ̈ܐ: ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܐܸܢܓܠܝܼܫܵܝܵܐ ܘܲܣܛܲܪ ܘܐܲܝܟ̣ ܐܸܢܓܠܝܼܫܵܝܵܐ، ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܐܵܘ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܵܐ ܕܵܪܵܝܵܐ ܚܲܕ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܣܵܦܪܵܝܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܘܒܲܪ ܦܸܚܡܵܐ ܕܟܠܲܝܗܝ ܠܸܫܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܣܵܦܪ̈ܵܝܹܐ ܕܥܵܠܡܵܐ، ܕܲܣܘܵܕܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܫܒ̣ܵܩܲܝܗܝ ܚܲܝܹ̈ܐ.
7. Complaining
8. Standard Grammar
9. Lingua Franca
10. Standard Language
11. Infinitive
12. You can’t split an infinitive
13. ܒܲܪܬ ܩܵܠܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܚܫܝܼ̈ܠܵܬܲܢ ܐܵܘܟܹܝܬ ’Phonology’. ܚܫܝܼܠܵܐ ܠܲܢ ܡ̣ܢ ܩܵܠܵܐ + ܣܘܵܕܵܐ = ܩܵܠܣܘܿܕܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ، ܒܲܪܘܵܚܵܐ ܘܠܵܐ ܒܲܙܩܵܦܵܐ ܕܘܵܐܘ ܡܸܛܠܔ ܩܲܠܝܼܠܘܼܬ ܪܸܬܡܵܐ.
14. English script
15. Vowel Letters
16. Vowels
17. Propagate
18. Its standardisation
19. ܣܘܼܪܥܵܦܵܐ ܕܐܵܡܪܝܼ ܠܹܗ preterite ܒܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܐܸܢܓܠܝܼܫܵܝܵܐ.
20. Stem I
21. Equally
22. Title
23. ܚܙܲܝ ܐܵܘ ܚܙܝܼ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܕܝܸܡܵܐ: ܠܘܼܩܵܛܹ̈ܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܣܸܦܪܵܝܘܼܬܵܐ ܐܵܬܘܿܪܵܝܬܵܐ ܕܣܘܵܕܵܝܬܵܐ ܥܲܠܔ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܐܸܣܵܪܵܐ: http://www.aaasj.org/library
24. Warn Against
25. Sandwich
26. Never ever
27. Petty intellectuals
28. Draw
29. Competent
30. Our colleagues
31. Stubbornness
32. Doubt
33. Syriac
34. ܡ̣ܢ ܓܕܵܡܵܐ ܕܡܸܠܲܬܫܡܵܐ ܚܵܫܘܿܫܬܵܐ ܕܕܸܟ̣ܪܵܢܵܝܵܐ ܚܕܵܢܵܝܵܐ.
35. Respectively
36. Early linguists
37. Impose
38. Extraneous
39. Prolong, last
40. Swaddling-bands
41. Swiftly
42. Developed
43. Explosion of paradigms
44. ܡܢܵܚܵܐ ܪܵܒܝܼ ܙܲܝܥܵܐ ܒܹܝܬ ܙܲܝܥܵܐ ܡܚܲܫܸܚ ܠܬܲܦܢܟ̣ܵܐ ܘܪܵܒܝܼ ܢܸܡܪܘܿܕ ܣܝܼܡܘܿܢܘܿ ܩܵܪܹܐ ܠܬܲܦܢܟ̣ܵܐ ’ܦܸܨܠܵܐ’ ܘܲܡܢܵܚܵܐ ܡܵܪܝ ܬܐܘܿܡܵܐ ܐܘܿܕܘܿ ܩܵܪܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܛܘܼܦ̮ܣܵܐ.
45. Tense, Aspect and mood: TAM
46. Absolute State
47. The so-called L-Suffixes
48. Intransitive verbs
49. ܐܝܼܬ ܪܸܢܝܵܐ ܕܐܵܡܹܪ ܕܐܝܼܬܘܼܬ ܐܲܢܲܝ ܣܘܼܪ̈ܥܵܦܹܐ ܒܠܸܫܵܢ ܓܘܼܫܡܵܐ ܐ݇ܬܵܝܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܲܥܒܕܵܢܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܠܸܫܵܢ ܝܸܡܵܐ ܕܢܵܣܘܿܟܹ̈ܐ (Scribes)، ܗ݁ܘ ܕܝܼܗܵܘܐ ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ: ܘܗܵܕܟ̣ܵܐ ܥܒ̣ܝܼܪ ܠܹܗ ܐܵܗܵܐ ܣܘܼܪܥܵܦܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܠܓܵܘ ܠܸܫܵܢ ܓܘܼܫܡܵܐ ({Geoffrey Khan, 2007}).
50. Impose, enforce
51. Great Fallacy
52. Impetus
53. Distressed
54. Specialists
55. Analyse
56. ܣܘܵܕܵܐܝܼܬ ܒܠܝܼܓ ܠܲܝܗܝ.
57. It did not prolong.
58. Proto-NENA
59. Indo-Iranian languages.
60. Came into contact with each other.
61. They attributed.
62. Somewhat erroneously
63. Neighbouring
64. That concerns us
65. ܡ̣ܢ ܚܫܝܼ̈ܠܵܬܲܢ. ܚܫܝܼܠܔ ܠܲܢ ܠܗܵܕ ܒܲܪܬܩܵܠܵܐ ܕ’ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܥܵܡܘܿܠܬܵܐ’ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕ’ܥܵܡܹܠܔ/ܥܡܲܠܔ’ ܕܝܵܗܒ̣ܵܐ ܣܘܼܟܵܠܵܐ ܕ’ergative verb’ ܗ݁ܝ ܕܫܸܪܫܵܗ݁ ܡ̣ܢ ܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܝܵܘܢܵܝܵܐ (ܚܙܲܝ ܐܵܘ ܚܙܝܼ {Trask, 1993 p.92}): ergon (ܥܲܡܠܵܐ) ܘܕܝܼܠܵܢܵܐܝܼܬ ܡ̣ܢ ergatos (ܥܵܡܠܵܐ). ܘܲܕܦܵܪܫܸܚ ܠܣܘܼܟܵܠܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܥܵܒ̣ܘܿܕܬܵܐ (Active verb) ܕܝܼܠܵܗ݁ ܕܪܝܼܫܬܵܐ ܒܠܸܫܵܢܲܢ ܘܲܕܐܝܼܬ ܠܵܗ݁ ܣܘܼܟܵܠܵܐ ܣܲܓܝܼ ܦܪܝܼܫܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܥܵܡܘܿܠܬܵܐ (Ergative verb) ܠܬܘܼܚܵܡܵܐ ܕܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܥܵܡܘܿܠܬܵܐ ܚܙܲܝ ܐܵܘ ܚܙܝܼ ({Dixon, 1979})، ܚܫܝܼܠܵܐ ܠܲܢ ܥܵܡܘܿܠܬܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ’ܥܵܡܹܠܔ/ܥܡܲܠܔ’. ܐܵܦ ܒܦܲܪܣܹܝܬ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܥܵܡܘܿܠܬܵܐ ܐܵܡܪܝܼ ܝܠܵܗ݁ فعل کنایی ܕܝܼܠܵܗ݁ ܡ̣ܢ کنندگی ܐܵܘܟܹܝܬ ܥܵܡܘܿܠܬܵܐ ܘܫܸܪܫܵܗ݁ ܝܼܠܹܗ ܡ̣ܢ کردن (ܥܵܒܹܕ/ܥܵܡܹܠܔ).
66. Contact
67. In an ergative form.
68. Ergativity
69. Old Persian
70. Jewish Babylonian Aramaic (JBA)
71. ܗ.ܕ. ܡܝܼܬ ܠܲܝܗܝ. ܒܠܸܫܵܢ ܓܘܼܫܡܵܐ ܫܟ̣ܝܼܒ̣ܝܼ̈ܢ ܘܲܒܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܒܲܓܕܵܡ ܡܸܠܲܬܫܡܵܐ.
72. As it has been made clear
73. Preposition
74. Pronominal Suffixes
75. Standard Conjugation
76. ܠܐܝܼܬܘܼܬ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܥܵܡܘܿܠܬܵܐ ܘܲܛܠܵܩܬܵܐ ܓܵܘ ܩܘܼܪܕܹܝܬ ܚܙܲܝ ܐܵܘ ܚܙܝܼ ({Thackston, 2006})
77. Modern science
78. Innately
79. Ergative inflection
80. Araxes-Iran Linguistic Area (AILA).
81. Identically
82. Verbal Paradigm
83. Phonological Conditioning
84. Closed Syllable
85. Stress
86. Stressed
87. Phonologically
88. Precedes
89. Meaning the penultimate syllable
90. Polysyllabic
91. Diphthong
92. Simple present base
93. Advocating
94. Furthermore
95. The educated among them
96. ܪܸ̈ܥܝܵܢܹܐ ܕܪ̈ܝܼܫܹܐ ܒܫܘܼܘܓܵܪܹ̈ܐ ܩܢܘܿܡܵܝܹ̈ܐ (personal emails) ܥܲܡ ܚܲܕܟܡܵܐ ܪ̈ܵܚܡܹܐ، ܘܗܵܕܟ̣ܵܐ ܪ̈ܥܝܵܢܹܐ ܐܝܼܬ ܒܲܝܢܲܬ ܣܲܓܝܼܐܹ̈ܐ.
97. Old manuscript
98. Sound idea
99. ܡܲܟܠܲܝܢ ܐܵܡܹܪ ܒܲܚܕܵܐ ܡܥܝܼܪܵܢܘܼܬܵܐ ܥܲܠܔ ܗ݁ܝ ܟܲܕ ܗ݁ܝ ܦܲܐܬܵܐ: ܪܸܬܡܵܐ ܕܲܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ ܪܵܬܡܝܼ ܠܹܗ [ܒܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕܕܲܥܒܲܪ ܠܵܐ ܡܬܲܚܡܵܐ] ܐܲܝܟ̣ ـܸ .
100. ܒܵܥܹܝܚ ܕܓܵܪܫܸܚ ܙܘܼܗܵܪܵܐ ܕܩܵܪ̈ܘܿܝܲܝܢ ܠܐܵܗܵܐ ܫܪܵܪܵܐ: ܐܲܝܟ̣ ܕܝܼܠܵܗ݁ ܩܪܝܼܚܬܵܐ ܒܥܘܼܬܵܕܵܐ ܕܲܓܪܵܡܲܡܛܝܼܩܝܼ ܕܡܲܠܦܵܢܲܢ ܡܵܪܝ ܬܐܘܿܡܵܐ ܐܘܿܕܘܿ، ܗ݁ܘ ܠܵܐ ܟܬܝܼܒ̣ ܠܹܗ ܠܬܘܼܪܵܨ ܡܲܡܠܠܹܗ ܠܲܡܟܲܝܠܘܿܝܹܐ (Standarising) ܠܸܫܵܢ ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ، ܐܝܼܢܵܐ ܠܡܲܓܡܘܿܪܹܐ ܠܒܵܥܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܲܫܠܝܼܚܹ̈ܐ ܩܵܬܘܿܠܝܼܩܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܕܲܛܠܝܼܒܹ̈ܐ ܗܘܵܘ ܡܸܢܹܗ ܕܟܵܬܹܒ̣ ܠܚܲܕ ܬܘܼܪܵܨ ܡܲܡܠܠܵܐ ’ܒܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܣܘܵܕܵܝܵܐ ܕܐܘܼܪܡܝܼ’. ܘܗܵܕܟ̣ܵܐ ܟܝܵܢܵܝܬܵܐ ܝܠܵܗ݁ ܕܗܘܼܓܵܝܹܗ ܥܵܛܹܦ ܠܪܸܬܡܵܐ ܐܘܼܪܡܝܵܝܵܐ؛ ܗ݁ܘ ܠܸܥܙܵܐ ܕܲܚܝܵܪܬܵܐ ܕܡܵܪܝ ܬܐܘܿܡܵܐ ܐܘܿܕܘܿ ܥܲܠܹܗ ܢܵܚܘܿܬܵܐ ܝܗܘܵܬ ܘܠܵܐ ܥܵܛܹܦ ܠܠܸܥܙܵܐ ܛܘܼܪܵܝܵܐ ܕܗܵܕܟ̣ܵܐ ܚܵܩܹܪ ܠܹܗ: ”ܘܠܸܫܵܢܵܐ ܕܸܒܢܲܝ̈ ܬܲܪܓܵܘܵܪ ܒܝܼܫ ܚܸܠܝܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܘܒܝܼܫ ܪܗܸܛܪܵܝܵܐ ܘܒܝܼܫ ܫܲܦܝܼܪܵܐ…”.
101. Critical mind
102. Phonology of Urmian dialect
103. Open Syllable
104. Standardise
105. Looks carefully
106. A quick scan
107. Discrepancy
108. ܚܲܬܝܼܬܹ̈ܐ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܕܩܵܪ̈ܘܿܝܲܝ̈ܢ ܪ̈ܲܕܝܹܐ ܐܝܼܬ ܠܲܝܗܝ ܝܕܵܥܬܵܐ ܥܲܠܔ ܣܵܦܩܘܼܬܵܐ ܕܪܵܒܝܼ ܙܲܝܥܵܐ ܒܹܝܬ ܙܲܝܥܵܐ ܒܬܸܪܘܲܝܗܝ ܠܸܫܵܢܲܝ̈ܢ: ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܘܐܵܦ ܠܸܫܵܢ ܓܘܼܫܡܵܐ ܘܲܡܠܝܼܛܘܼܬܹܗ ܒܨܸܒ̈ܘܵܬܵܐ ܬܘܼܪܵܨ ܡܲܡ̈ܠܠܵܝܵܬܵܐ.
109. Respectively
110. ܠܵܐ ܒܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܡܲܥܪܒ̣ܵܝܵܐ.
111. Geminates
112. In another word
113. ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܚܫܝܼ̈ܠܵܬܲܢ ܐܵܘܟܹܝܬ ’transliteration’ ܘܲܒܥܲܪܵܒܹܝܬ النقحرة ܐܵܘܟܹܝܬ النقل الحرفي. ܘܗܵܕܟ̣ܵܐ ܐܵܦ ܐܲܚܢܲܢ ܚܫܝܼܠܵܐ ܠܲܢ ܗܵܕ ܒܲܪܬܩܵܠܵܐ ܡ̣ܢ ܥܒܲܪ (ܡܲܥܒܪܵܢܘܼܬܵܐ) + ܐܵܬܘܼܬܵܐ (ܐܬܘܼܬܵܢܵܝܬܵܐ) = ܥܘܼܪܬܵܬ̣ܵܐ ܘܡܸܢܵܗ݁ ܒܸܕ ܗܵܘܹܐ ܠܲܢ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܪܒ̣ܝܼܥܵܝܬܵܐ ܡܥܲܪܬܸܬ̣/ܡܥܲܪܬܘܿܬܹܐ. ܘܡܲܚܫܘܿܚܹܐ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܕܡܲܦܠܸܚܸܚ ܠܒܲܪܬܩܵܠܵܐ ܕܓܲܪܫܘܼܢܝܼ ܒܣܘܼܟܵܠܵܐ ܕ’Transciption’ ܘܡܸܢܵܗ݁ ܡܸܠܬܵܐ ܕ’ܡܓܲܪܫܘܿܢܹܐ’. ܚܙܲܝ ܐܵܘ ܚܙܝܼ ܠܣܘܼܟܵܠܵܐ ܕܓܲܪܫܘܼܢܝܼ ܒ ({Brock and Kiraz, 2015 p.30 col.I})
114. ܚܫܵܒ̣ܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܕܐܵܗܵܐ ܦܵܘܕܵܐ ܛܲܒ̣ܥܵܝܵܐ ܝܠܹܗ ܕܐ݇ܬܹܐ ܠܹܗ ܓܵܘ ܡܲܒܥܲܢ. ܚܫܵܒ̣ܵܐ ܝܘܹܝܚ ܕܘܵܠܹܐ ܕܗܵܘܝܵܐ ’ܘܒܡܸܨܥܵܝܘܼܬܘܿܗ݁’.
115. Pedagogue
116. ܐܵܦ ܡܵܪܝ ܬܐܘܿܡܵܐ ܕܲܪܡܘܼ، ܡܝܼܛܪܵܦܘܿܠܝܼܛܵܐ ܕܡܲܠܲܒܵܪ ܘܲܕܗܸܢܕܘܿ، ܗ݁ܘ ܣܵܦܩܵܐ ܒܲܡܠܲܫܢܵܢܹ̈ܐ ܐ݇ܣܘܼܪ̈ܝܵܝܹܐ ܘܡܲܨܚܵܢܵܐ ܕܣܲܓܝܼܐܘܼܬ ܟܬܵܒܹ̈ܐ ܥܹܕܬܵܢܵܝܹ̈ܐ ܟܵܬܹܒ̣ ܠܵܗ݁ ܠܗܵܕ ܡܸܠܬܲܢ ܒܝܘܿܕ ܚܒ̣ܵܨܵܐ. ܚܙܲܝ ܐܵܘ ܚܙܲܝ ܠܛܲܒ̣ܥܹܗ ܠܲܟܬܵܒ̣ ܡܲܪܓܵܢܝܼܬܵܐ ܕܡܵܪܝ ܥܲܒ̣ܕܝܼܫܘܿܥ ܒܲܪ ܒܪܝܼܟ̣ܵܐ ܗ݁ܘ ܕܲܦܪܝܼܣ ܒܲܬܪܹܝܢ ܥܲܡܘܼܕܹ̈ܐ: ܠܸܫܵܢ ܓܘܼܫܡܵܐ ܘܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ (ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܡܐܘܿܨܸܚ ܡ̣ܢ ܣܪܝܼܛܬܵܐ ܕܩܲܫܝܼܫܵܐ ܐܸܠܝܵܣ ܕܒܵܙ، ܒܵܒܹܗ ܕܲܡܢܵܚܵܐ ܡܵܪܝ ܢܲܪܣܲܝ ܕܒܵܙ): ܕܲܪܡܘܼ, ܡܵܪܝ ܬܐܘܿܡܵܐ (ܐܲܨ.) (1955), ܡܲܪܓܵܢܝܼܬ̣ܵܐ, ܬܪܝܼܫܘܿܪ: ܡܲܛܒܲܥܬܵܐ ܕܡܵܪܝ ܢܲܪܣܲܝ ܡܲܠܦܵܢܵܐ).
117. ܡܸܢܝܵܢܵܐ 24 ܟܵܢܘܿܢ ܬܪܲܝܵܢܵܐ، 1912.
118. ܥܵܡܘܿܕܹ̈ܐ ܓܲܢ݇ܒܵܪܹ̈ܐ ܕܣܵܦܪܘܼܬ ܣܘܼܪܹܝܬ ܡܲܕܢܚܵܝܵܐ: ܡܢܵܚܹ̈ܐ ܪܵܒܝܼ ܐܲܕܲܝ ܐܲܠܚܵܨ، ܡܢܵܚܵܐ ܪܵܒܝܼ ܫ̰ܵܐܢ ܐܲܠܚܵܨ ܘܲܡܢܵܚܵܐ ܕܪܵܒܝܼ ܢܸܡܪܘܿܕ ܣܝܼܡܘܿܢܘܿ.